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Extreme cinema

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A set of props used in the production of the Saw films, which are notorious for depicting extreme graphic violence

Extreme cinema (or hardcore horror and extreme horror[1][2]) is a subgenre used for films distinguished by its use of excessive sex and violence, and depiction of extreme acts such as mutilation and torture. The rising popularity of Asian films in the 21st century has contributed to the growth of extreme cinema, although extreme cinema is still considered to be a horror film-based genre. Being a relatively recent genre, extreme cinema is controversial and widely unaccepted by the mainstream media.[3] Extreme cinema films target a specific and small audience group.[4]

History

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Precursors and Early Influences

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Human fascination with taboo content—violence, sex, and the transgressive—stretches back millennia. Ancient Greek theatre regularly depicted gruesome myths (deities dismembering mortals, sacrificial rites) and moral extremes, while Roman gladiatorial games broadcast real‑world violence as mass spectacle. This enduring interest laid the groundwork for modern entertainment’s exploration of extreme themes, but the true nature of extreme content in entertainment began in the early 20th century.

Paris’s Théâtre du Grand‑Guignol (1897–1962) formalized the “shock horror” aesthetic, specializing in plays rife with blood, dismemberment, and psychological terror. Its visceral on‑stage gore directly inspired filmmakers to pursue similarly explicit imagery on screen, bridging ancient taboos and modern cinematic transgression. The movie Un Chien Andalou (1929) was one of the first kinds of films that was labelled as extreme cinema.[5]

Video nasties era

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In Britain, the unregulated home‑video boom of horror titles—later dubbed “video nasties” by the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association[6]—prompted prosecutions under the Obscene Publications Act and led directly to the Video Recordings Act 1984. Over forty films were seized or banned, illustrating how graphic on‑screen violence had become a flashpoint for censorship debates. In Italy, Ruggero Deodato's Cannibal Holocaust (1980), blended documentary conventions with animal cruelty and dismemberment. Its found‑footage realism led to legal investigations[7] and helped inaugurate the modern “found‑footage horror” subgenre, including movies such as The Blair Witch Project (1999).[8][9]

Mondo-style shockumentaries like Banned from Television (1998) and Traces of Death (1993), which compile graphic real-life deaths without educational framing, have been criticized for breaching standards of taste and some have been banned in several countries including the UK.[10][11] A 1997 incident involving a Pennsylvania woman who lodged formal complaints after renting Traces of Death drew public attention to its release.[12]

Asian Extreme era

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In the late 1990's and early 2000's, Western critics coined “Asian Extreme” for a wave of Japanese and other East Asian films that combined supernatural horror with graphic violence and sexual transgression. Key early entries include Ring (1998), Audition (1999), Battle Royale (2000), Ichi the Killer (2001) and Oldboy (2003). Directors such as Takashi Miike and Park Chan‑wook pushed splatter and torture visually to new levels. Although not all films in this category reach the extremity of later entries, their violent and transgressive content helped coin the label "extreme cinema" in Anglophone criticism. This era also marked a shift where extreme content was not just for shock, but became a form of cinematic stylization.

New French Extremity and Balkan Shock Cinema

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In a 2004 Artforum essay, James Quandt labeled a cluster of early‑’00s French films “New French Extremity,” noting their blend of arthouse style and unrelenting body horror. Films such as Irréversible (2002), À l’intérieur (2007), and Martyrs (2008) typify this period’s formal experimentation and nihilistic violence. Irréversible became the most notable of these due to its graphic 10-minute long rape scene and graphic violence in a scene where a man beats another character to death with a fire extinguisher.[13]

In post‑Yugoslav Serbia, A Serbian Film (2010) exploited taboos of sexual violence towards children and necrophilia as bleak allegories of political and cultural exploitation.[14] This film tested contemporary obscenity laws and reaffirmed extreme cinema’s status as marginal and was banned in six different[15] countries.

American avant-garde experimental films

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With the shift from physical “video nasties” to online VOD, micro‑budget directors continue to provoke bans for uncontextualized violence. The Bunny Game (2011), for instance, was banned in the UK for its depiction of a prostitute being abducted and subjected to prolonged sexual and physical violence, with the company citing that the content would risk potential harm towards the public, and would violate the Video Recordings Act 1984.[16]

A similar film in this category of extreme cinema is E. Elias Merhige's 1989 cult classic Begotten.[17]

Notable films

[edit]
Title Year Ref.
A Serbian Film 2010 [18][19][20][21][22]
August Underground 2001 [23][24]
August Underground's Mordum 2003 [25][26][27]
August Underground's Penance 2007 [28][1][29]
Act of Vengeance 1974 [30]
Alipato: The Very Brief Life of an Ember 2016 [31]
Angst 1983 [32]
Antichrist 2009 [33][34][9]
Audition 1999 [35][21]
Auschwitz 2011 [36]
Bandit Queen 1994 [37]
Begotten 1989 [36][33][38]
Benny's Video 1992 [36]
Black Friday 2004 [39]
Blood Feast 1963 [36][1]
The Bunny Game 2010 [40]
Caligula (unrated version) 1979 [36]
Caligula... The Untold Story 1982 [41]
Cannibal Holocaust 1980 [42][43][44][45][21]
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover 1989 [46]
Cannibal 2006 [47]
Crash 1996 [36][48]
The Devils 1971 [36][49]
Dogtooth 2009 [35][21]
Dogville 2003 [50]
The Exorcist 1973 [51][9]
Faces of Death 1978 [41][33]
Fat Girl 2001 [52]
Flower Of Flesh And Blood 1985 [53]
Frontier(s) 2007 [54][55][56]
Funny Games 1997 [35][57][21]
Gandu 2010 [58]
Grotesque 2009 [59]
Gummo 1997 [60]
The Green Elephant 1999 [61]
Hacksaw 2020 [62]
Hated: GG Allin and the Murder Junkies 1994 [41]
Hellraiser 1987 [41]
Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer 1986 [63][64]
Hostel 2005 [41]
The House That Jack Built 2018 [65]
The Human Centipede 2009 [41][66]
I Spit on Your Grave 1978 [41]
I Stand Alone 1998 [1]
Ichi the Killer 2001 [67][68]
The Idiots 1998 [69]
Ilsa: She Wolf of the SS 1975 [41]
Infinity Pool 2023 [70][71]
Inside 2007 [72]
In the Realm of the Senses 1976 [73][21]
Irréversible 2002 [41][21][9]
Julien Donkey-Boy 1999 [60]
Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love 1996 [74]
Kinatay 2009 [75]
The Last House on the Left 1972 [9][76]
The Machine Girl 2008 [77]
Maniac 1980 [78][79]
Man Bites Dog 1992 [76]
Mark of the Devil 1970 [76]
Men Behind The Sun Quadriology 1988-1995 [80][81][82][83]
Melancholie der Engel 2009 [84][85][86]
Martyrs 2008 [18][20][22]
Masking Threshold 2021 [87][88][89]
Matrubhoomi 2003 [90]
Megan is Missing 2011 [91][92]
Multiple Maniacs 1970 [93][94]
Mysterious Skin 2004 [76]
Naked Blood 1996 [95]
Natural Born Killers 1994 [96][97]
Nekromantik 1987 [76][98]
Oedipus Rex 1967 [76]
Oldboy 2003 [57][99][21][1]
Paanch 2003 [100]
Pieces 1982 [101][102]
Pigsty 1969 [76]
Philosophy of a Knife 2008 [103][104][105]
Pink Flamingos 1972 [76][106][21]
The Poughkeepsie Tapes 2007 [76]
Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead 2006 [76]
Rambo 4 2008 [76]
Re-Animator 1985 [76]
Relic 2020 [107]
Requiem for a Dream 2000 [76]
The Revenant 2015 [66]
Saani Kaayidham 2022 [108]
Schramm 1993 [109][110]
Snuff 102 2007 [111][112]
The Sadness 2021 [113][22]
Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom 1975 [43][114][21][22]
Saw 2004 [115][1]
Sick: The Life and Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist 1997 [115]
Snuff 1976 [1]
Stille Nacht 1969 [115]
The Substance 2024 [116][117]
Suicide Club 2001 [67]
Subconscious Cruelty 2000 [118][119]
Sweet Movie 1974 [115]
Taxidermia 2006 [20]
Tetsuo: The Iron Man 1989 [120]
Thanatomorphose 2012 [121][122]
Thriller: A Cruel Picture 1973 [115]
Trash Humpers 2009 [60]
Tumbling Doll Of Flesh 1998 [123][124]
Un Chien Andalou 1929 [115]
Vase de Noces 1974 [115]
What is It? 2005 [125]
Where the Dead Go to Die 2012 [115]
Who's Watching Oliver 2018 [126]

Notable directors

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Controversy and legacy

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Extreme cinema is highly criticized and debated by film critics and the general public. There have been debates over the hypersexualization that makes these films a threat to the 'mainstream' community standards.[141]

There has also been criticism over the increasing use of violence in modern-day films. Ever since the emergence of slasher-gore films in the 1970s, the rising popularity of extreme cinema has contributed to the casual violence in popular media.[142] Some criticize the easy exposure and unintended targeting of adolescents by extreme cinema films.[143]

Both The Exorcist and Pink Flamingos are inducted into the National Film Registry.[144] Requiem for a Dream and Oldboy were named on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century.[145] The behind-the-scenes look at Cannibal Holocaust was the subject of a Season 2 episode of the documentary series Cursed Films.[146][147]

At the 97th Academy Awards, The Substance was nominated for five awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Coralie Fargeat and Best Actress for Demi Moore (the former becoming the ninth woman nominated for directing).[148][149][150]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "A Malignant, Seething Hatework": An Introduction to US 21st Century Hardcore Horror · Senses of Cinema
  2. ^ "Extreme horror". The Michigan Daily. October 24, 2024.
  3. ^ Dirks, Tim (9 February 2016). "100 Most Controversial Films of All Time". Filmsite.
  4. ^ gtr.rcuk.ac.uk
  5. ^ "Extreme cinema | EBSCO Research Starters". www.ebsco.com. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  6. ^ "Video Nasties". British Board of Film Classification. 2020-09-24. Archived from the original on 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  7. ^ Rose, Steve (2011-09-15). "Cannibal Holocaust: 'Keep filming! Kill more people!'". The Guardian.
  8. ^ "10 great found-footage films". BFI. 2024-10-31. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g 10 Horror Movies So Extreme They Actually Made People Sick – ScreenCrush
  10. ^ BBFC. "Traces Of Death". www.bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  11. ^ BBFC. "Banned From Television". www.bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  12. ^ (2) Kerkes; Slater, (2) David; David (2002). Killing for Culture. Creation Books. ISBN 978-1-871592-20-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ BBFC (2020-08-05). "Irreversible". www.bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  14. ^ Kohn, Eric (2010-03-15). "'A Serbian Film' Shocks Midnight Audiences At SXSW". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  15. ^ Tsatsaki, Artemis (2020-03-23). "5 Movies That Were Banned For More Than 10 Years (& 5 That Are Still Outlawed)". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  16. ^ BBFC. "The Bunny Game". www.bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-04-17.
  17. ^ Begotten: The Most Disturbing Avant-Garde Film Ever Made – Paste Magazine
  18. ^ a b "Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part3 – HNN". horrornews.net. 23 August 2010.
  19. ^ "Extreme Cinema". Edinburgh University Press Books.
  20. ^ a b c d The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 10 essential films from the 'Extreme Cinema' genre|Far Out Magazine
  22. ^ a b c d Mainstream Extreme: How 2022 Made "Disturbing" Popular – Fangoria
  23. ^ "August Underground Trilogy Review".
  24. ^ Alan, Jay (30 December 2015). "Film Review: August Underground (2001)". HorrorNews.net. Jay Alan. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  25. ^ "Special Mention (Most Extreme Movies)". thelastexit.net. The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  26. ^ "Film Censorship: M #3". refused-classification.com. Refused Classification. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  27. ^ "August Underground Mordum Review".
  28. ^ Phillips, Jared (19 June 2007). "August Underground's Penance (2007)". digital-retribution.com. Digital Retribution. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  29. ^ "How Far is Too Far? August Underground's Penance Review".
  30. ^ Extreme Cinema – Rape Squad – Flickering Myth
  31. ^ a b Kotzathanasis, Panos (2018-11-27). "Film Review: Alipato: The Very Brief Life of an Ember (2016) by Khavn". Asian Movie Pulse. Retrieved 2025-02-02.
  32. ^ 10 Extreme Horror Movies That Try To Break Their Audience - WhatCulture.com
  33. ^ a b c Extreme Cinema: The 40 Most Disturbing Horror Movies Ever Made – PHASR
  34. ^ (Butcher Block) Chaos Reigns in Visceral Pain in 'Antichrist' – Bloody Disgusting
  35. ^ a b c d Frey, Mattias (2016). "Discourses and Modes of Distribution". Extreme Cinema: The Transgressive Rhetoric of Today's Art Film Culture. Rutgers University Press. pp. 69–93. ISBN 978-0-8135-7652-7. Project MUSE 1765373.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium A-D – HNN". horrornews.net. 27 July 2019.
  37. ^ Bandit Queen (1995)|Roger Ebert
  38. ^ 'Begotten': Images Never Meant to Be Seen – Split Tooth Media
  39. ^ Black Friday is grim yet great|Rediff.com
  40. ^ Extreme Cinema - The Bunny Game (2010) – Flickering Myth
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium E-K". 27 July 2019.
  42. ^ "Extreme Cinema: Top 25 Most Disturbing Films of all time – part2". 23 August 2010.
  43. ^ a b c "Cultivating Extreme Art Cinema". Edinburgh University Press Books.
  44. ^ Extreme Cinema – Cannibal Holocaust (1980) – Flickering Myth
  45. ^ Ruggero Deodato, Director Of The Controversial Horror Film Cannibal Holocaust, Dies At 83|/Film
  46. ^ The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989)|Roger Ebert
  47. ^ Weinberg, Scott (2006-12-05). "Cannibal". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  48. ^ Extreme Cinema – David Cronenberg's Crash (1996) – Flickering Myth
  49. ^ (Butcher Block) Ken Russel's Controversial 'The Devils' Is a Holy Trinity of Sex, Violence and Religion – Bloody Disgusting
  50. ^ a b c d The New Extremism in Cinema: From France to Europe - Google Books
  51. ^ Extreme Cinema – The Exorcist (1973) – Flickering Myth
  52. ^ a b c Genre Trouble and Extreme Cinema: Film Theory at the Fringes of Contemporary Art Cinema - Google Books
  53. ^ "Flower Of Flesh And Blood". 30 September 2009.
  54. ^ Dargis, Manohla (9 May 2008). "After Making It Out of Paris, Finding There's No Escape". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  55. ^ Ridley, Jim (14 September 1972). "Xavier Gens's Frontière(s)". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  56. ^ Anderson, John (17 September 2007). "Frontier(s)". Variety. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012.
  57. ^ a b The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  58. ^ Gandu – Variety
  59. ^ "Bathed in Blood: Director Koji Shiraishi's torture-porn flick Grotesque gets banned in Britain—and ignites a debate about Japan's splatter-film boom". Metropolis Magazine. September 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
  60. ^ a b c d Trash Humpers: How a Stupid Comedy Premise Became a Truly Disturbing Movie - MovieWeb
  61. ^ "Film Review: The Green Elephant (1999)". horrornews.net. 20 April 2014.
  62. ^ "Hacksaw (2020) Review". 8 January 2021.
  63. ^ Extreme Cinema – Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer – Flickering Myth
  64. ^ (Butcher Block) The Uncomfortable Realism of 'Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer' – Bloody Disgusting
  65. ^ Extreme Cinema – The House That Jack Built (2018) – Flickering Myth
  66. ^ a b The birth of "extreme cinema": "The Revenant" is an endurance test of suffering for Leonardo DiCaprio -- and moviegoers. But for what?|Salon.com
  67. ^ a b "5 Examples Of Extreme Japanese Cinema That Will Freak You Out". Monkey Fighting Robots. July 6, 2016.
  68. ^ How Ichi the Killer brought ultra-violence to the mainstream – BBC Culture
  69. ^ Extreme Cinema – The Idiots (1998) – Flickering Myth
  70. ^ Infinity Pool Review – An Imperfect Experiment in Extreme Cinema – The Curb
  71. ^ ‘Infinity Pool’ Review: Extreme Sci-Fi Tale Squanders a Promising Premise – TheWrap
  72. ^ "Blody Disgusting's top 20 films". 17 December 2009.
  73. ^ "Extreme Asian Horror – Cat III Asian Films". horrornews.net. 26 February 2019.
  74. ^ Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1997)|Roger Ebert
  75. ^ Extreme cinema: the transgressive rhetoric of today's art film culture 2015021892 ... – EBIN.PUB
  76. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium L-R". 30 July 2019.
  77. ^ "Extreme Cinema in Asia".
  78. ^ Extreme Cinema – Maniac (1980) – Flickering Myth
  79. ^ (Butcher Block) Tom Savini's Gore Effects of 'Maniac' – Bloody Disgusting
  80. ^ "Man Behind the Sun 1 & 2". Refused-Classification.com. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
  81. ^ Hicks, Jess (2016-12-20). "The Awful Truth Of MEN BEHIND THE SUN". Birth.Movies.Death. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  82. ^ "Man Behind the Sun (18)". British Board of Film Classification. August 22, 1988. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  83. ^ Hawker, Philippa (2004-04-23). "The Man Behind the Sun". The Age. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  84. ^ Leonard, Sean (5 February 2020). "Film Review: Melancholie der Engel (2009)". HorrorNews.net. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  85. ^ Casta, Ray (11 April 2011). "Melancholie der Engel (The Angels' Melancholy) Review! – Severed Cinema". Severed Cinema.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  86. ^ Lawrence, Gregory (31 July 2020). "The Most Disturbing Movies of All Time (Y'know, Some Light Reading!)". Collider.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  87. ^ Interview with Johannes Grenzfurthner on quepeliverehoy.es; 22 November 2021
  88. ^ "Masking Threshold: A True Macro Exploration of Existential, Ringing Madness" (iHorror); 26 September 2021
  89. ^ "Masking Threshold: Obsession Takes Hold In This Brutal Horror Film"; review in: Film Inquiry, 26 October 2021
  90. ^ A Nation Without Women (2003) – Moria
  91. ^ Megan Is Missing (Movie Review)|Bloody Good Horror
  92. ^ Some movies blur the line between shock and trauma. Here's why that's problematic. - The Diamondback
  93. ^ Top Gross-Out Moments in John Waters Films – Antigravity Magazine
  94. ^ Multiple Maniacs – DVD Talk
  95. ^ Firsching, Robert. "Megyaku: Naked Blood". Allmovie. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  96. ^ Exploring the Popularity of Squid Game — When Extreme Goes Mainstream
  97. ^ Extreme Cinema – Natural Born Killers – Flickering Myth
  98. ^ Extreme Cinema – Nekromantik – Flickering Myth
  99. ^ Extreme Cinema|Rutgers University Press
  100. ^ Anurag Kashyap’s Paanch Movie Review: Flash of Brilliance – madaboutmoviez.in
  101. ^ (Butcher Block) Going to 'Pieces' Over J. Piquer Simon's Gory Slasher – Bloody Disgusting
  102. ^ Extreme Cinema – Pieces (1982) – Flickering Myth
  103. ^ "Andrey Iskanov". Philosophy of a Knife. The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  104. ^ "Foreign Objects: Philosophy of a Knife". Film School Rejects. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  105. ^ Johnson, Scott (5 July 2008). "Philosophy of a Knife (2008)". dreadcentral.com. Dread Central. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  106. ^ 10 Midnight Movies That Made History – MovieWeb
  107. ^ What to watch at LFF: New extreme cinema|London Film Festival 2020|BFI
  108. ^ Keerthy Suresh, Selvaraghavan are terrific in this bloody, yet focused revenge drama
  109. ^ "Schramm".
  110. ^ "Extreme Cinema - Schramm".
  111. ^ "Snuff 102".
  112. ^ "Top 25 Most Disturbibg Horror Films".
  113. ^ 'The Sadness' Review – Gory Virus Movie Goes for the Jugular With Transgressive, Extreme Horror|Bloody Disgusting
  114. ^ Extreme Cinema – Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom – Flickering Myth
  115. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Extreme Cinema: List of Disturbing Films Compendium S-Z". August 2019.
  116. ^ The extreme body horror film prompting mass cinema walkouts around the world|The Independent
  117. ^ 'The Substance' Review: Cathartically Fun, Extreme Feminist Body Horror – Variety
  118. ^ Condit, Jon (2004). "Subconscious Cruelty (1999)". Dread Central.com. Jon Condit. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  119. ^ "Subconscious Cruelty".
  120. ^ (Butcher Block) Cyberpunk and Body Horror Collide in 'Tetsuo: The Iron Man' – Bloody Disgusting
  121. ^ "Thanatomorphose".
  122. ^ "Thanatomorphose".
  123. ^ "Fright Fest". International Business Times. 13 March 2015.
  124. ^ "Most Extreme Japanese Horror movies". 3 January 2024.
  125. ^ Goodbye, McFly: Crispin Glover's 'It' Trilogy and the Cinema of Reaction – Senses of Cinema
  126. ^ "Who's Watching Oliver (2017) Review". 1 July 2017.
  127. ^ a b "Against Happiness – Los Angeles Review of Books". 23 September 2015.
  128. ^ Extreme Cinema – Gaspar Noé’s Irreversible – Flickering Myth
  129. ^ Repp, Mark (14 May 2015). "The 30 Most Extreme Movies of The 21st Century So Far". Taste of Cinema – Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  130. ^ Extreme Cinema: The Most Shocking Movies Of All Time – Flickering Myth
  131. ^ Eaker, Alfred (2015-07-02). "JOHN WATERS' MULTIPLE MANIACS (1970)". 366 Weird Movies. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  132. ^ "John Waters brings back Multiple Maniacs: 'Of course I went a little too far'". The Guardian. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  133. ^ "Extreme Cinema – The Last House on the Left (1972)". Flickering Myth. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  134. ^ Nicodemo, Timothy (21 August 2013). The New French Extremity: Bruno Dumont and Gaspar Noé, France's Contemporary Zeitgeist (Thesis).
  135. ^ When Takashi Miike Heard He Could Do 'Anything' For Masters Of Horror, He Put That To The Test|/Film
  136. ^ One of the World's Most Extreme Horror Movie Directors Made a 19-Minute Film for Apple|Gizmodo
  137. ^ Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema – Offscreen
  138. ^ (Butcher Block) Eli Roth’s Flesh-Eating Viral Frenzy ‘Cabin Fever’ – Bloody Disgusting
  139. ^ The 30 Most Extreme Movies of the 21st Century So Far « Taste of Cinema
  140. ^ "A Conversation with Khavn De La Cruz". FilmInt.nu. 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2025-02-02.
  141. ^ Pett, Emma (2 January 2015). "A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change". New Review of Film and Television Studies. 13 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1080/17400309.2014.982910. S2CID 146431677.
  142. ^ Sapolsky, Burry S.; Molitor, Fred; Luque, Sarah (March 2003). "Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 80 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1177/107769900308000103. S2CID 143908234.
  143. ^ Sargent, James D; Heatherton, Todd F; Ahrens, M.Bridget; Dalton, Madeline A; Tickle, Jennifer J; Beach, Michael L (December 2002). "Adolescent exposure to extremely violent movies". Journal of Adolescent Health. 31 (6): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00399-3. PMID 12457577.
  144. ^ Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles|Library of Congress
  145. ^ The 21st Century's 100 greatest films – BBC Culture
  146. ^ Romanchick, Shane (March 25, 2022). "'Cursed Films' Season 2 Trailer Reveals More Mysteries and Oddities From Famous Films". Collider.
  147. ^ Cursed Films' Episodes, Ranked - MovieWeb
  148. ^ Lang, Brent; Moreau, Jordan (January 23, 2025). "Oscar Nominations 2025: 'Emilia Pérez' Leads with 13 Nods, 'Wicked' and 'The Brutalist' Follow with 10". Variety. Archived from the original on January 23, 2025. Retrieved January 25, 2025.
  149. ^ Verhoeven, Beatrice (January 23, 2025). "'The Substance' Scores 5 Oscar Nominations, Including Best Picture". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 25, 2025.
  150. ^ Verhoeven, Beatrice (January 23, 2025). "Oscars: Coralie Fargeat Gets Sole Female Best Director Nod". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 25, 2025.

Sources

[edit]
  • Totaro, Donato (2003). "Sex and Violence: Journey into Extreme Cinema". Offscreen. 7 (11).
  • King, Mike (2009). The American Cinema of Excess: Extremes of the National Mind on Film. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3988-1.
  • "Media's New Mood: Sexual Violence". Center for Media Literacy.
  • Fyfe, Kristen. "More Violence, More Sex, More Troubled Kids." Media Research Center. MRC Culture, 11 Jan. 2007. Web. 9 Feb. 2016
  • Pett, Emma (2 January 2015). "A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change". New Review of Film and Television Studies. 13 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1080/17400309.2014.982910. S2CID 146431677.
  • Dirks, Tim. "100 Most Controversial Films of All Time." 100 Most Controversial Films of All Time. Filmsite, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
  • Sapolsky, Burry S.; Molitor, Fred; Luque, Sarah (March 2003). "Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 80 (1): 28–38. doi:10.1177/107769900308000103. S2CID 143908234.
  • Sargent, James D; Heatherton, Todd F; Ahrens, M.Bridget; Dalton, Madeline A; Tickle, Jennifer J; Beach, Michael L (December 2002). "Adolescent exposure to extremely violent movies". Journal of Adolescent Health. 31 (6): 449–454. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00399-3. PMID 12457577.
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