Abstract
The genomes of all eukaryotes contain multiple copies of DNA sequences that are related to sequences found in infectious retroviruses (for review, see Coffin, 1984; Garfinkel, 1992). These elements are transmitted through the germ line as stable Mendelian genes, yet they exhibit structural and sequence similarities to infectious exogenous retroviruses. It is these similarities that have led investigators to speculate that endogenous retroviruses are remnants of prior infections with exogenous retroviral agents and, with evolutionary time, changes have occurred to make them no longer infectious or pathogenic. These speculations have been supported with experimental studies that show that the genomes of infectious, exogenous retroviruses can integrate into the host chromosome and be inherited through the germ line. Since retroviruses are thought to have evolved from retrotransposons (Temin, 1980, 1992), it is also possible that some endogenous retrovirus-related sequences are actually precursors of infectious forms. In either case, once they are part of the host genome, these proviruses can serve as a pool of genetic material that exogenous viruses can use to produce variants with altered host specificities and phenotypes; they can encode gene products that compete for or complement in trans retrovirus function(s); and they can, themselves, act as insertional mutagens to change the regulation of host genes.
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Wilkinson, D.A., Mager, D.L., Leong, JA.C. (1994). Endogenous Human Retroviruses. In: Levy, J.A. (eds) The Retroviridae. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1730-0_9
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