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Exploring the potential of essential oils against airborne fungi from cultural heritage conservation premises

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Abstract

The activity of six essential oils was investigated against eight fungal isolates (four Aspergillus and four Penicillium species) isolated from cultural heritage conservation premises in Serbia. To analyze the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was employed. The antifungal activity of selected EOs was investigated using microdilution and microatmosphere methods while the commercial biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was used as a control. Furthermore, molecular docking was used as an efficacious in silico method for the determination of interaction between dominant EO compounds and enzyme CYP51, essential for fungal ergosterol synthesis. It was demonstrated that BAC, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Gaultheria procumbens EOs had the strongest antifungal activity, which is in concordance with the results of molecular docking. Namely, the highest energy of enzyme–cofactor interaction was obtained for eugenol (the dominant component of Syzygium aromaticum and C. zeylanicum EOs). Moreover, it was found that the most resistant fungal isolates were A. flavus and A. niger, while A. sydowii and P. citrinum were the most susceptible. The results of our study point to the possibility of using studied environmentally friendly biocides of biological origin for the preservation of historical monuments and artifacts.

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This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia; Grant No. 451–03 - 47/2023–01/200178.

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  1. Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia

    Željko Savković, Ana Džamić, Milica Ljaljević Grbić & Miloš Stupar

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Heroja Pinkija 4, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Jovana Veselinović

  3. AU Remedia, Gradska Apoteka, Obrenovićeva 2, Niš, Serbia

    Jovana Veselinović

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Savković, Ž., Džamić, A., Veselinović, J. et al. Exploring the potential of essential oils against airborne fungi from cultural heritage conservation premises. Sci Nat 112, 32 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-025-01983-3

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