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. 2010 Oct;2(4):36-43.

Dosage compensation of sex chromosome genes in eukaryotes

E V Dementyeva  1 , S M Zakian
Affiliations

Dosage compensation of sex chromosome genes in eukaryotes

E V Dementyeva et al. Acta Naturae. 2010 Oct.

Abstract

Sex chromosome evolution is accompanied by significant divergence in morphology and gene content and results in most genes of one of the sex chromosomes being present in two dosages in one sex and in one dosage in the other. To eliminate the difference in the expression levels of these genes between sexes and to restore equal expression levels of the genes between sex chromosomes and autosomes, mechanisms of dosage compensation have appeared. Studies of three classical objects,Drosophila melanogaster,Caenorhabditis elegans, and mammals, have shown that dosage compensation of X-linked genes can be achieved through completely different chromosome-wide mechanisms. New data on sex chromosome gene expression demonstrating that many sex chromosome genes can be expressed at different levels in males and females were recently obtained from birds and butterflies. In this review, dosage compensation mechanisms inD. melanogaster,C. elegans, and mammals are considered and the data on sex chromosome gene expression in birds and butterflies, and their influence on our view of dosage compensation, are discussed.

Keywords: X-chromosome inactivation; dosage compensation; gene expression; sex chromosomes.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
XY and ZW sex chromosome systems.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Diversity of X-linked gene dosage compensation systems A – autosomal set, X and Y – sex chromosomes.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Dosage compensation of Z-chromosome genes in birds and butterflies A – autosomal set, Z and W – sex chromosomes.
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