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. 2020 Dec;61(12):1339-1348.
doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13221. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

The unique contribution of blushing to the development of social anxiety disorder symptoms: results from a longitudinal study

Milica Nikolić  1 , Mirjana Majdandžić  1 , Cristina Colonnesi  1 , Wieke de Vente  1 , Eline Möller  1 , Susan Bögels  2
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The unique contribution of blushing to the development of social anxiety disorder symptoms: results from a longitudinal study

Milica Nikolić et al. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020 Dec.

Abstract

Background: Self-conscious emotional reactivity and its physiological marker - blushing has been proposed to be an etiological mechanism of social anxiety disorder (SAD), but so far, untested in longitudinal designs. This study tested, for the first time, whether self-conscious emotional reactivity (indexed as physiological blushing) contributes to the development of SAD symptoms over and above social behavioral inhibition (BI), which has been identified as the strongest predictor of SAD development in early childhood.

Methods: One hundred fifteen children (45% boys) and their mothers and fathers participated at ages 2.5, 4.5, and 7.5 years. Social BI was observed at all time points in a stranger approach task, and physiological blushing (blood volume, blood pulse amplitude, and temperature increases) was measured during a public performance (singing) and watching back the performance at ages 4.5 and 7.5. Child early social anxiety was reported by both parents at 4.5 years, and SAD symptoms were diagnosed by clinicians and reported by both parents at 7.5 years.

Results: Higher social BI at 2.5 and 4.5 years predicted greater social anxiety at 4.5 years, which, in turn, predicted SAD symptoms at 7.5 years. Blushing (temperature increase) at 4.5 years predicted SAD symptoms at 7.5 years over and above the influence of social BI and early social anxiety.

Conclusions: That blushing uniquely contributes to the development of SAD symptoms over and above social BI suggests two pathways to childhood SAD: one that entails early high social BI and an early onset of social anxiety symptoms, and the other that consists of heightened self-conscious emotional reactivity (i.e. blushing) in early childhood.

Keywords: Social anxiety disorder; behavioral inhibition; blushing; self-consciousness.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Social BI and physiological blushing, indexed as cheek temperature increase, predicting SAD symptoms. BI = social behavioral inhibition; Temp = cheek temperature increase; SA = social anxiety; SAD = social anxiety disorder symptoms. *p < .050; **p < .010; ***p < .001. N = 115
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