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. 2022 Sep 6;21(1):81.
doi: 10.1186/s12940-022-00886-4.

Short term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the US: a double negative control analysis

Rongqi Abbie Liu  1 , Yaguang Wei  2 , Xinye Qiu  2 , Anna Kosheleva  2 , Joel D Schwartz  2
Affiliations

Short term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the US: a double negative control analysis

Rongqi Abbie Liu et al. Environ Health. .

Abstract

Rationale: Studies examining the association of short-term air pollution exposure and daily deaths have typically been limited to cities and used citywide average exposures, with few using causal models.

Objectives: To estimate the associations between short-term exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in multiple US states using census tract or address exposure and including rural areas, using a double negative control analysis.

Methods: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study examining the entire population of seven US states from 2000-2015, with over 3 million non-accidental deaths. Daily predictions of PM2.5, O3, and NO2 at 1x1 km grid cells were linked to mortality based on census track or residential address. For each pollutant, we used conditional logistic regression to quantify the association between exposure and the relative risk of mortality conditioning on meteorological variables, other pollutants, and using double negative controls.

Results: A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure at the moving average of lag 0-2 day was significantly associated with a 0.67% (95%CI: 0.34-1.01%) increase in all-cause mortality. 10 ppb increases in NO2 or O3 exposure at lag 0-2 day were marginally associated with and 0.19% (95%CI: -0.01-0.38%) and 0.20 (95% CI-0.01, 0.40), respectively. The adverse effects of PM2.5 persisted when pollution levels were restricted to below the current global air pollution standards. Negative control models indicated little likelihood of omitted confounders for PM2.5, and mixed results for the gases. PM2.5 was also significantly associated with respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusions: Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and possibly O3 and NO2 are associated with increased risks for all-cause mortality. Our findings delivered evidence that risks of death persisted at levels below currently permissible.

Keywords: Air pollutant; Mortality; Nitrogen dioxide; PM2.5, Ozone; Particulate matter.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare they have nothing to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
DAG for the double negative control Scenario
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effect of air pollution on all-cause mortality in single, double and three pollutant models
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Estimated percent increase in all-cause and cause-specific mortality with increases in PM2.5, O3, and NO2 in baseline model and low exposure model
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Percent increase in all-cause mortality associated with each air pollutants in subgroups of effect modifiers
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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