Major depressive disorder

doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1

Review

. 2023 Aug 24;9(1):44.

doi: 10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1.

Major depressive disorder

Wolfgang Marx¹, Brenda W J H Penninx², Marco Solmi^{3

4

5}, Toshi A Furukawa⁶, Joseph Firth^{7

8}, Andre F Carvalho⁹, Michael Berk⁹

Affiliations

¹ Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. wolf.marx@deakin.edu.au.
² Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁴ On Track: The Champlain First Episode Psychosis Program, Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶ Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan.
⁷ Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
⁸ Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
⁹ Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.

PMID: 37620370
DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1

Review

Major depressive disorder

Wolfgang Marx et al. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023.

. 2023 Aug 24;9(1):44.

doi: 10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1.

Authors

Wolfgang Marx¹, Brenda W J H Penninx², Marco Solmi^{3

4

5}, Toshi A Furukawa⁶, Joseph Firth^{7

8}, Andre F Carvalho⁹, Michael Berk⁹

Affiliations

¹ Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. wolf.marx@deakin.edu.au.
² Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁴ On Track: The Champlain First Episode Psychosis Program, Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶ Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan.
⁷ Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
⁸ Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
⁹ Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.

PMID: 37620370
DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00454-1

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by persistent depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, recurrent thoughts of death, and physical and cognitive symptoms. People with MDD can have reduced quality of life owing to the disorder itself as well as related medical comorbidities, social factors, and impaired functional outcomes. MDD is a complex disorder that cannot be fully explained by any one single established biological or environmental pathway. Instead, MDD seems to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, psychological and biological factors. Treatment for MDD commonly involves pharmacological therapy with antidepressant medications, psychotherapy or a combination of both. In people with severe and/or treatment-resistant MDD, other biological therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy, may also be offered.

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References

1. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ (2021).
1. Reavley, N. J. & Jorm, A. F. Recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment and outcome: findings from an Australian national survey of mental health literacy and stigma. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 45, 947–956 (2011). - DOI
1. Wickersham, A. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the association between child and adolescent depression and later educational attainment. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 60, 105–118 (2021). - PubMed - PMC - DOI
1. Campbell, D. et al. Effects of depression on employment and social outcomes: a Mendelian randomisation study. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 76, 563–571 (2022). - DOI
1. Cheung, K. & Theule, J. Paternal depressive symptoms and parenting behaviors: an updated meta-analysis. J. Child Fam. Stud. 28, 613–626 (2019). - DOI

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[1] Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ (2021).

[2] Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ (2021).

[3] Reavley, N. J. & Jorm, A. F. Recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment and outcome: findings from an Australian national survey of mental health literacy and stigma. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 45, 947–956 (2011). - DOI

[4] Reavley, N. J. & Jorm, A. F. Recognition of mental disorders and beliefs about treatment and outcome: findings from an Australian national survey of mental health literacy and stigma. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 45, 947–956 (2011). - DOI

[5] Wickersham, A. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the association between child and adolescent depression and later educational attainment. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 60, 105–118 (2021). - PubMed - PMC - DOI

[6] Wickersham, A. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the association between child and adolescent depression and later educational attainment. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 60, 105–118 (2021). - PubMed - PMC - DOI

[7] Campbell, D. et al. Effects of depression on employment and social outcomes: a Mendelian randomisation study. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 76, 563–571 (2022). - DOI

[8] Campbell, D. et al. Effects of depression on employment and social outcomes: a Mendelian randomisation study. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 76, 563–571 (2022). - DOI

[9] Cheung, K. & Theule, J. Paternal depressive symptoms and parenting behaviors: an updated meta-analysis. J. Child Fam. Stud. 28, 613–626 (2019). - DOI

[10] Cheung, K. & Theule, J. Paternal depressive symptoms and parenting behaviors: an updated meta-analysis. J. Child Fam. Stud. 28, 613–626 (2019). - DOI

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Major depressive disorder

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Major depressive disorder

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