This is Python version 3.8.0 alpha 2
Copyright (c) 2001-2019 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved.
See the end of this file for further copyright and license information.
Contents
General Information
- Website: https://www.python.org
- Source code: https://github.com/python/cpython
- Issue tracker: https://bugs.python.org
- Documentation: https://docs.python.org
- Developer's Guide: https://devguide.python.org/
Contributing to CPython
For more complete instructions on contributing to CPython development, see the Developer Guide.
Using Python
Installable Python kits, and information about using Python, are available at python.org.
Build Instructions
On Unix, Linux, BSD, macOS, and Cygwin:
./configure make make test sudo make install
This will install Python as python3.
You can pass many options to the configure script; run ./configure --help
to find out more. On macOS and Cygwin, the executable is called python.exe;
elsewhere it's just python.
If you are running on macOS with the latest updates installed, make sure to install openSSL or some other SSL software along with Homebrew or another package manager. If issues persist, see https://devguide.python.org/setup/#macos-and-os-x for more information.
On macOS, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework, you
should use make frameworkinstall to do the installation. Note that this
installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your PATH,
you may want to set up a symlink in /usr/local/bin.
On Windows, see PCbuild/readme.txt.
If you wish, you can create a subdirectory and invoke configure from there. For example:
mkdir debug cd debug ../configure --with-pydebug make make test
(This will fail if you also built at the top-level directory. You should do
a make clean at the toplevel first.)
To get an optimized build of Python, configure --enable-optimizations
before you run make. This sets the default make targets up to enable
Profile Guided Optimization (PGO) and may be used to auto-enable Link Time
Optimization (LTO) on some platforms. For more details, see the sections
below.
Profile Guided Optimization
PGO takes advantage of recent versions of the GCC or Clang compilers. If used,
either via configure --enable-optimizations or by manually running
make profile-opt regardless of configure flags, the optimized build
process will perform the following steps:
The entire Python directory is cleaned of temporary files that may have resulted from a previous compilation.
An instrumented version of the interpreter is built, using suitable compiler flags for each flavour. Note that this is just an intermediary step. The binary resulting from this step is not good for real life workloads as it has profiling instructions embedded inside.
After the instrumented interpreter is built, the Makefile will run a training workload. This is necessary in order to profile the interpreter execution. Note also that any output, both stdout and stderr, that may appear at this step is suppressed.
The final step is to build the actual interpreter, using the information collected from the instrumented one. The end result will be a Python binary that is optimized; suitable for distribution or production installation.
Link Time Optimization
Enabled via configure's --with-lto flag. LTO takes advantage of the
ability of recent compiler toolchains to optimize across the otherwise
arbitrary .o file boundary when building final executables or shared
libraries for additional performance gains.
What's New
We have a comprehensive overview of the changes in the What's New in Python 3.8 document. For a more detailed change log, read Misc/NEWS, but a full accounting of changes can only be gleaned from the commit history.
If you want to install multiple versions of Python see the section below entitled "Installing multiple versions".
Documentation
Documentation for Python 3.8 is online, updated daily.
It can also be downloaded in many formats for faster access. The documentation is downloadable in HTML, PDF, and reStructuredText formats; the latter version is primarily for documentation authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements.
For information about building Python's documentation, refer to Doc/README.rst.
Converting From Python 2.x to 3.x
Significant backward incompatible changes were made for the release of Python 3.0, which may cause programs written for Python 2 to fail when run with Python 3. For more information about porting your code from Python 2 to Python 3, see the Porting HOWTO.
Testing
To test the interpreter, type make test in the top-level directory. The
test set produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. If a message
is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core dump is produced,
something is wrong.
By default, tests are prevented from overusing resources like disk space and
memory. To enable these tests, run make testall.
If any tests fail, you can re-run the failing test(s) in verbose mode. For
example, if test_os and test_gdb failed, you can run:
make test TESTOPTS="-v test_os test_gdb"
If the failure persists and appears to be a problem with Python rather than your environment, you can file a bug report and include relevant output from that command to show the issue.
See Running & Writing Tests for more on running tests.
Installing multiple versions
On Unix and Mac systems if you intend to install multiple versions of Python
using the same installation prefix (--prefix argument to the configure
script) you must take care that your primary python executable is not
overwritten by the installation of a different version. All files and
directories installed using make altinstall contain the major and minor
version and can thus live side-by-side. make install also creates
${prefix}/bin/python3 which refers to ${prefix}/bin/pythonX.Y. If you
intend to install multiple versions using the same prefix you must decide which
version (if any) is your "primary" version. Install that version using make
install. Install all other versions using make altinstall.
For example, if you want to install Python 2.7, 3.6, and 3.8 with 3.8 being the
primary version, you would execute make install in your 3.8 build directory
and make altinstall in the others.
Issue Tracker and Mailing List
Bug reports are welcome! You can use the issue tracker to report bugs, and/or submit pull requests on GitHub.
You can also follow development discussion on the python-dev mailing list.
Proposals for enhancement
If you have a proposal to change Python, you may want to send an email to the comp.lang.python or python-ideas mailing lists for initial feedback. A Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) may be submitted if your idea gains ground. All current PEPs, as well as guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are listed at python.org/dev/peps/.
Release Schedule
See PEP 569 for Python 3.8 release details.
Copyright and License Information
Copyright (c) 2001-2019 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved.
See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
This Python distribution contains no GNU General Public License (GPL) code, so it may be used in proprietary projects. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely optional.
All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective holders.