* Improve doctest and comment for maximum sub-array problem (#1503)

* Doctest and comment for maximum sub-array problem

More examples and description for max_sub_array.py

* Update max_sub_array.py

* Update max_sub_array.py

* Fix doctest

* Page replacement algorithm, LRU (#871)

* Page replacement algorithm, LRU

* small rectifications

* Rename paging/LRU.py to other/least_recently_used.py

* Addition of Secant Method (#876)

* Add files via upload

* Update secant_method.py

* Remove unused import

* Remove unused import

* Create GAN.py (#1445)

* Create GAN.py

* gan update

* Delete train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz

* Update GAN.py

* Update GAN.py

* Delete GAN.py

* Create gan.py

* Update gan.py

* input_data import file

* Update dictionary.txt (#1507)

Added a new word Microfinance. This is one of the recently added word in oxford dictionary

* Update greatest_common_divisor.py (#1513)

Add Doctests.

* Update palindrome.py (#1509)

* Update palindrome.py

Add Doctests.

* Use test_data to drive the testing

* :white_check_mark: added tests for Perceptron in Neural Networks (#1506)

* :white_check_mark: added tests for Perceptron in Neural Networks

* Space

* Format code with psf/black

* Add doctests to other/word_patterns.py (#1518)

* Create prime_numbers.py (#1519)

* Create prime_numbers.py

* Update prime_numbers.py

* Update basic_maths.py (#1517)

* Update basic_maths.py

Add Doctests.

* Update basic_maths.py

* Add a space to fix the doctest

* Factors of a number (#1493)

* Factors of a number

* Update factors.py

* Fix mypy issue in basic_maths.py

* Fix mypy error in perceptron.py

* def primes(max: int) -> List[int]:

* Update binomial_heap.py

* Add a space

* Remove a space

* Add a space

* average_mode.py (#1491)

* Add files via upload

Finds the mode in the input data.

* Update average_mode.py

* Update average_mode.py

* Update average_mode.py

* Update average_mode.py

* Update average_mode.py

* Update average_mode.py

* Tabs do not belong in Python files!

* Simplified DES (#1382)

* Simplified DES

* Add files via upload

Diffie Hellman algorithm to generate a secret key.

* Update sdes.py

* Format code with psf/black and add doctests

* Update quick_select.py (#1523)

* Update quick_select.py

Add Doctests.

* Add typehints

* Don't pre-allocate "smaller" and "larger"

* Doctest, type hints and bug in LIS_O(nlogn) (#1525)

* Update longest_increasing_subsequence_o(nlogn).py

* Update longest_increasing_subsequence_o(nlogn).py

* Euler Problem 27 solution script Added (#1466)

* Add files via upload

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* Create sol1.py

* Update sol1.py

* Create __init__.py

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* Delete isotonic.py

* Update sol1.py

* Problem_27_project_euler

* project_euler/Problem_27/sol1.py

* project_euler/Problem_27/sol1.py

* project_euler/problem_27/

* project_euler/problem_27

* project_euler/problem_27

* update sol1 of Euler Problem 27 solution script Added

* Remove slow test, wrap long comments, format with psf/black

* Delete __init__.py

* Add type hints

* Add doctests to function is_prime()

* Rename project_euler/problem_27/project_euler/problem_27/sol1.pysol1.py to project_euler/problem_27/problem_27_sol1.py

* perfect square (#1534)

* perfect square

* perfect square

* Added Problem 33 (#1440)

* Create sol1.py

* Create __init__.py

* Update sol1.py

* corrected range

* Update sol1.py

* update factorial (#1535)

* update factorial

* update factorial

* add max sum contigous subsequence (#1537)

* add max sum contigous subsequence

* fix typo

* Add doctest and type hints

* Create autoblack.yml

* recursive quick sort (#1536)

* recursive quick sort

* recursive quick sort

* Delete recursive-quick-sort

* Update recursive-quick-sort.py

* Non-recursive Segment Tree implementation (#1543)

* Non-recursive Segment Tree implementation

* Added type hints and explanations links

* Travis CI: Write & print DIRECTORY.md on one line (#1542)

* travis test

* travis pull ID test

* get pr branch test

* retry pr build

* test pushing back - probable git error for origin 'not found'

* github auth?

* add .sh

* chmod

* add index update for permission fix

* run sh for script

* add all

* add pull directory

* fetch pr branch

* swap placement of adding commits

* rotate

* quit trying to update Travis

* formatting leftovers

* Travis CI: Write & print DIRECTORY.md on one line

* added solution 1 for problem_99 in project_euler (#1545)

* Create sol1.py

* Create __init__.py

* Update sol1.py

* corrected range

* Add files via upload

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* Create sol1.py

* Update sol1.py

* Create __init__.py

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* Delete isotonic.py

* Update sol1.py

* Problem_27_project_euler

* project_euler/Problem_27/sol1.py

* project_euler/Problem_27/sol1.py

* project_euler/problem_27/

* project_euler/problem_27

* project_euler/problem_27

* update sol1 of Euler Problem 27 solution script Added

* Remove slow test, wrap long comments, format with psf/black

* Delete __init__.py

* Add type hints

* Add doctests to function is_prime()

* Rename project_euler/problem_27/project_euler/problem_27/sol1.pysol1.py to project_euler/problem_27/problem_27_sol1.py

* Added Problem 33

* added solution 1 for problem_99

* update added solution 1 for problem_99

* update

* Update sol1.py

* add floor() (#1551)

* ceil and floor

* ceil and floor

* Porta cipher (#1550)

* directory_writer

* add porta cipher for #1492

* formatting and one line comprehensions

* remove directory_writer

* indentions

* Wrap long lines

* Doctest and typing for longest_increasing_subsequence.py (#1526)

* Update longest_increasing_subsequence.py

* Update longest_increasing_subsequence.py

* Format longest_increasing_subsequence.py to PEP8

* Update longest_increasing_subsequence.py

* Add sol3 for project_euler problem_03 (#1553)

* Add sol3 for project_euler proble_03

* Update sol3.py

add type hint 
remove unused variable

* Format code with psf/black

* added rsa_factorization.py (#1556)

* added RSA_factorization.py

This algorithm can effectively factor RSA large prime N given public key e and private key d.

* Rename RSA_factorization.py to rsa_factorization.py

* Add definitions for d, e, and N

* Improved on Singly Linked List Programs (#1558)

* Improved Singly Linked List
Added String Representations of Nodes and Linked Lists
Added support for indexing and changing of Node data using indices.

* Added a few comments to Linked Lists

* Reformatted to conform to PEP8

* Added from_sequence.py
Convert a Python List to Linked List comprising of Nodes and return head.

* Added print_reverse.py
Recursive program to print the elements of a Linked List in reverse.

* Change 'is not None' for more Pythonicness

* Fix bug in bellman_ford.py (#1544)

* Python Program that fetches top trending news (#1559)

* Python Program that fetches top trending news

* Python Program that fetches top trending news

* Revisions in Fetch BBC News

* Added a new Python script and some changes in existing one (#1560)

* Python Program that fetches top trending news

* Python Program that fetches top trending news

* Revisions in Fetch BBC News

* psf/black Changes

* Python Program to send slack message to a channel

* Slack Message Revision Changes

* Moved to TheAlgorithms/Jupyter (#1563)

https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Jupyter/tree/master/other

* Panagram Script Added (#1564)

* Python Program that fetches top trending news

* Python Program that fetches top trending news

* Revisions in Fetch BBC News

* psf/black Changes

* Python Program to send slack message to a channel

* Slack Message Revision Changes

* Python Program to check Palindrome String

* Doctest Added

* Python Program to check whether a String is Panagram or not

* Python Program to check whether a String is Panagram or not

* Check Panagram Script Added

* Panagram Script Added

* Anagram Script Changes

* Anagram Alphabet Check Added

* Python Program to fetch github info

* add sol3 to project_euler/problem_08 (#1557)

* Add sol3 for project_euler proble_03

* Update sol3.py

add type hint 
remove unused variable

* Format code with psf/black

* add sol3 to project_euler/problem_08, modify the stepsize of the loop,will be faster than sol1

* GitHub Action formats our code with psf/black (#1569)

* GitHub Action formats our code with psf/black

@poyea Your review please.

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* directory_writer (#1) (#1549)

* directory_writer

* fixup: Format Python code with psf/black

* fixup: DIRECTORY.md

* fix implementation errors. (#1568)

I revised my implementation and found out that I have miss a inner loop for t.  x and y should be recalculated everytime when t is divisble by 2. I have also included a more readble source for this algorithm.

* Remove Duplicate Script Added (#1570)

* Added Remove duplicate script and updated requirements.txt

* Requirements.txt Updated

* Remove Duplicate Script Added

* Directory Modified

* Directory.md Updated

* changed implementation of GitHub action to auto update DIRECTORY.md (#1571)

* changed implementation of GitHub action to auto update DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* ||  true (#1572)

*  ||  true

* 3.8

* python: 3.x

* Fix indentation contains tabs (flake8 E101,W191) (#1573)

* Word Occurence Script Added (#1576)

* Word Occurence Script Added

* Word Occurence Script Updated

* Added doctest using collections.Counter

https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter

* Add pytest-cov (#1578)

* Add pytest-cov

Also added coverage report in .travis.yml file.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Sort by missing statements

* sort = Cover

* Remove code with side effects from main (#1577)

* Remove code with side effects from main

When running tests withy pytest, some modules execute code in main scope
and open plot or browser windows.

Moves such code under `if __name__ == "__main__"`.

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Adding circular_queue.py (#1574)

* Create circular_queue.py

Circular Queue implementation using python list with fixed range.

* Update circular_queue.py

* Update circular_queue.py

* Update circular_queue.py

* Update circular_queue.py

* Update circular_queue.py

* doctest: Catch "Exception: UNDERFLOW"

* Deal with the fluent interface for cq.enqueue()

* Test the fluent interface

* Reverse Words (#1581)

* Word Occurence Script Added

* Word Occurence Script Updated

* Added doctest using collections.Counter

https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter

* Reverse Word Script Added

* Reverse Word Script Added

* Reverse Word Script Added

* Reverse Word Script Added

* Word Occurence Script Added

* Reverse Word Script Added

* Reverse Word Script Added

* Reverse Words DocTest Updated

* Word Occurence Updated

* Doctest Updated

* Doctest Updated

* Doctest Updated

* Adds operations for circular linked list (#1584)

* Adds, append, len, print operations for circular linked list

* Adds, prepend support

* Adds, delete from front of the list

* Adds, delete_rear support

* Adds, method documentations

* Adds, type checking and doctests

* Updates doctest for delete ops

* Addressing requested changes

* Removes unused import

* Fixes failing doctests

* Minor modifications...

* Improve bellman_ford.py (#1575)

* Fix out of range error in bellman_ford.py

* Update bellman_ford.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Enhance the print function

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update gaussian_filter.py (#1548)

* Update gaussian_filter.py

Changed embedded for loops with product. This way range(dst_height) is called only once, instead of being called $dst_height.

* Update gaussian_filter.py

fixed missing width

* Tabs --> spaces in quine_mc_cluskey.py (#1426)

* Tabs --> spaces in quine_mc_cluskey.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Fractional knapsack (#1524)

* Add files via upload

* Added doctests, type hints, f-strings, URLs

* Rename knapsack.py to fractional_knapsack.py

* Rename graphs/fractional_knapsack.py to dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack_2.py

* Update README.md (#1588)

* Update README.md

* python -m unittest -v

* added current stock price (#1590)

* added current stock price

* Ten lines or less

* Implemented simple keyword cipher (#1589)

* Implemented simple keyword cipher

* Added documentation and improved input processing

* Allow object's hash function to be called

* added to string functionality

* reverted

* Revised according to pull request #1589

* Optimized imports

* Update simple_keyword_cypher.py

* Update hash_table.py

* Update singly_linked_list.py (#1593)

* Update singly_linked_list.py

printing current.data rather than node address in __repr__ for a more readable print statement

* eval(repr(c)) == c

The output of `__repr__()` _should look like a valid Python expression that could be used to recreate an object with the same value_.

https://docs.python.org/3.4/reference/datamodel.html#object.__repr__

* += --> +

* Adding Linear Discriminant Analysis (#1592)

* Adding new file to the machine_learning directory

* Adding initial documentation

* importing modules

* Adding Normal_gen function

* Adding Y_gen function

* Adding mean_calc function

* Adding prob_calc function

* Adding var_calc function

* Adding predict function

* Adding accuracy function

* Adding main function

* Renaming LDA file

* Adding requested changes

* Renaming some of functions

* Refactoring str.format() statements to f-string

* Removing unnecessary list objects inside two functions

* changing code style in some lines

* Fixing y_generator function

* Refactoring 'predict_y_values' function by using list comprehensions

* Changing code style in import statements

* Refactoring CLI code block

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* No lines longer than 88 characters

* GitHub Action to mark stale issues and pull requests (#1594)

* converting generator object to a list object (#1602)

* converting generator object to a list object

* Refactor: converting generator object to a list object

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Typo in a comment (#1603)

* add a generic heap (#906)

* add a generic heap

* Delete __init__.py

* Rename data_structures/Heap/heap_generic.py to data_structures/heap/heap_generic.py

* Add doctests

* Fix doctests

* Fix doctests again

* Improve prim.py (#1226)

* suiting PEP8

* create auxiliary function

* running example

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Pythagoras (#1243)

* add pythagoras.py

* function distance

* run as script

* Update pythagoras.py

* Code for Eulers Totient function (#1229)

* Create eulersTotient.py

* Rename eulersTotient.py to eulers_totient.py

* Update eulers_totient.py

* fixed bug (#1610)

Removed comma from print statement causing and error.

* Added Multilayer Perceptron (sklearn) (#1609)

* Added Multilayer Perceptron ( sklearn)

* Rename MLPClassifier.py to multilayer_preceptron_classifier.py

* Rename multilayer_preceptron_classifier.py to multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py

* Update multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py

* address merge_soft duplicate files (#1612)

Here the old file merge_sort_fastest is renamed to unknown_sort. Because it is not merge sort algorithm.

Comments are updated accordingly.

* add the index calculation class at digital_image_processing and the hamming code algorithm at hashes (#1152)

* add the index calculation at difital_image_processing file

* make changes at index_calculation

* update the variables to self variables at functions

* update the word wrap in comments at index_calculation

* add the hamming code algorithm

* Wrap long lines

* pigeonhole sorting in python (#364)

* pigeonhole sorting in python

* variable name update in pigeonhole_sort.py

* Add doctest

* improved prime numbers implementation (#1606)

* improved prime numbers implementation

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* fix type hint

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* fix doctests

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* added prime tests with negative numbers

* using for instead filter

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Remove unused typing.List

* Remove tab indentation

* print("Sorted order is:", " ".join(a))

* Improved readability (#1615)

* improved readability

* further readability improvements

* removed csv file and added f

* Simplify sudoku.is_completed() using builtin all() (#1608)

* Simplify sudoku.is_completed() using builtin all()

Simplify __sudoku.is_completed()__ using Python builtin function [__all()__](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#all).

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update sudoku.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Old style exception -> new style for Python 3

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update convex_hull.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* e.args[0] = "msg"

* ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'pi'

* Update convex_hull.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Adding doctests into LDA algorithm (#1621)

* Adding doctests into <gaussian_distribution> function

* Adding doctests into <y_generator> function

* Adding doctests into <calculate_mean> function

* Adding doctests into <calculate_probabilities> function

* Adding doctests into <calculate_variance> function

* Adding doctests into <predict_y_values> function

* Adding doctests into <accuracy> function

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update convex_hull.py

* Update convex_hull.py

* Fixed issue #1368 (#1482)

* Changed as suggested

Now return in same format as oct() returns

* Slight change

* Fixed issue #1368, return values for large number now is fixed and does not return in scientific notation

* Update decimal_to_octal.py

* Update odd_even_transposition_parallel.py (#1458)

* Update odd_even_transposition_parallel.py

* arr = OddEvenTransposition(arr)

* digital_image_processing/convert_to_negative (#1216)

* digital_image_processing/convert_to_negative

* added doc

* added test code

* Update convert_to_negative.py

* Image processing algorithms added (#616)

* Image processing algorithms added

* Example images included

* Issues resolved

* class added

* Naming issues fixes

* Create file_path

* Remove \r from strings (#1622)

* Remove \r from strings

* Satisfy tensorflow with numpy>=1.17.4

* Update find_min.py (#1627)

Line 5:     :return: max number in list   
"max" must be "min"

* Harmonic Geometric and P-Series Added (#1633)

* Harmonic Geometric and P-Series Added

* Editing comments

* Update and rename series/Geometric_Series.py to maths/series/geometric_series.py

* Update and rename series/Harmonic_Series.py to maths/series/harmonic_series.py

* Update and rename series/P_Series.py to maths/series/p_series.py

* Bug Fixed in newton_raphson_method.py (#1634)

* Bug Fixed

* Fixed newton_raphson_method.py

* Fixed newton_raphson_method.py 2

* Fixed newton_raphson_method.py 3

* Fixed newton_raphson_method.py 4

* Fixed newton_raphson_method.py 5

* Fixed newton_raphson_method.py 6

* Update newton_raphson_method.py

* Update newton_raphson_method.py

* # noqa: F401, F403

* newton_raphson

* newton_raphson

* precision: int=10 ** -10

* return float(x)

* 3.1415926536808043

* Update newton_raphson_method.py

* 2.23606797749979

* Update newton_raphson_method.py

* Rename newton_raphson_method.py to newton_raphson.py

* adding doctests on coin_change.py and fixed some typos (#1337)

* adding doctests on coin_change.py

* fixed some typos

* Update lib.py

* file iterating_through_submasks.py for given mask is added in dynamic_programming (#1635)

* new file *iterating_through_submasks* is added in dynamic_programming section

* no changes

* *iterating_through_submasks.py is added in dynamic_programming

* iterating_through_submasks is added with doctests

* iterating_through_submasks.py is added in dynamic_programming

* changes made in *iterating_through_submasks.py

* changes made in *iterating_through_submasks.py

* updated

* Add docstr and algorithm to BFS shortest path module  (#1637)

* Add docs and type alias to bfs_shortest_path.py

* Add bfs_shortest_path_distance algorithm

* Make requested changes

* other/integeration_by_simpson_approx.py is added for approximate integeration (#1638)

* new file *iterating_through_submasks* is added in dynamic_programming section

* no changes

* *iterating_through_submasks.py is added in dynamic_programming

* iterating_through_submasks is added with doctests

* iterating_through_submasks.py is added in dynamic_programming

* changes made in *iterating_through_submasks.py

* changes made in *iterating_through_submasks.py

* updated

* *other/integeration_by_simpson_approx.py added

* *other/integeration_by_simpson_approx.py Added for integeration

* Delete iterating_through_submasks.py

* Delete DIRECTORY.md

* Revert "updated"

This reverts commit 73456f85de03782b7d3c794eca8390a4fe87037c.

* changes made *integeration_by_simpson_approx.py

* update2

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fixed warning string for Key B = 0 (#1639)

* Fixed warning string for Key B = 0

* Update affine_cipher.py

* Update affine_cipher.py

* decrypt_message(encrypt_message())

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create roman_to_integer.py (#1636)

* added roman to integer conversion (LeetCode No. 13)

* updated directory to include Roman to Integer

* Delete DIRECTORY.md

* Update roman_to_integer.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update binary_search_tree.py (#1339)

* Update binary_search_tree.py

remove some bugs

* Update binary_search_tree.py

* Update binary_search_tree.py

* Update binary_search_tree.py

* Update binary_search_tree.py

* Update binary_search_tree.py

* Update binary_search_tree.py

* testlist = (8, 3, 6, 1, 10, 14, 13, 4, 7)

* Update .travis.yml

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Stack using double linked list (#1413)

* Stack using double linked list

* Test with doctests

* Update stack_using_dll.py

* Update stack_using_dll.py

* Update stack_using_dll.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added binary exponentiaion with respect to modulo (#1428)

* Added binary exponentiaion with respect to modulo

* Added miller rabin: the probabilistic primality test for large numbers

* Removed unused import

* Added test for miller_rabin

* Add test to binary_exp_mod

* Removed test parameter to make Travis CI happy

* unittest.main()  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS   ...

* Update binary_exp_mod.py

* Update binary_exp_mod.py

* Update miller_rabin.py

* from .prime_check import prime_check

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update back_propagation_neural_network.py (#1342)

* Update back_propagation_neural_network.py

Added comments below functions

* Update back_propagation_neural_network.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* actions/checkout@v2 (#1643)

* actions/checkout@v2

https://github.com/actions/checkout/releases

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* pyupgrade --py37-plus **/*.py (#1654)

* pyupgrade --py37-plus **/*.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Dijkstra's Bankers algorithm (#1650)

* Dijkstra's Bankers algorithm

@bluedistro, Your review please.  A second shot at #1645 

Implementation of the Dijkstra's Banker's algorithm with test examples and a comprehensible description.

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Delete back_propagation_neural_network.py

* Create back_propagation_neural_network.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Add files via upload (#1657)

* update volumes with type hints + some refactoring (#1353)

* update volumes with type hints + some refactoring

* added docstrings

* Use float instead of ints in doctest results

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create deque_doubly.py (#1652)

* Create deque_doubly.py

Implementing Deque ADT using Doubly Linked List....

* Update deque_doubly.py

* Update deque_doubly.py

Adding doctest

* Update doctest of deque_doubly.py

* Update deque_doubly.py

* linked_list.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py (#1659)

* Create get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py

* Update get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py

* Update get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py

* get_imdb_top_250_movies()

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* New Code!!(Finding the N Possible Binary Search Tree and Binary Tree from Given N node Number) (#1663)

* Code Upload

* Code Upload

* Delete n_possible_bst

* Find the N Possible Binary Tree and Binary Tree from given Nth Number of Node.

* Update in Test

* Update and rename n_possible_bst.py to number_of_possible_binary_trees.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* added hill climbing algorithm (#1666)

* added hill climbing algorithm

* Shorten long lines, streamline get_neighbors()

* Update hill_climbing.py

* Update and rename optimization/hill_climbing.py to searches/hill_climbing.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* number of Possible Binary Search Tree and Binary Tree. (#1670)

* Code Upload

* Code Upload

* Delete n_possible_bst

* Find the N Possible Binary Tree and Binary Tree from given Nth Number of Node.

* Update in Test

* Update and rename n_possible_bst.py to number_of_possible_binary_trees.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Typos in comments in hill_climbing.py (#1667)

* Typos in comments in hill_climbing.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update and rename lca.py to lowest_common_ancestor.py (#1664)

* Update and rename lca.py to lowest_common_ancestor.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Added to maths and strings (#1642)

* Added to maths and strings

* added changes suggest by cclauss

* git add DIRECTORY.md (#1674)

* git add DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Added Strassen divide and conquer algorithm to multiply matrices. (#1648)

* Added Strassen divide and conquer algorithm to multiply matrices

* Divide and conquer algorith to calculate pow(a,b) or a raised to the power of b

* Putting docstring inside the function.

* Added doctests

* Corrects failing check in master (#1676)

* Add a program to evaluate a string in prefix notation (Polish Notation) (#1675)

* Create infix_evaluation.py

* fix doctests

* Rename infix_evaluation.py to prefix_evaluation.py

* Add prefix_evaluation.py to directory

* A recursive insertion sort (#1683)

* A recursive insertion sort

* added doctests and typehints

* Create pull_request_template.md (#1684)

* Create pull_request_template.md

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update pull_request_template.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Typos and formatting

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* enhance swapping code in link (#1660)

* enhance swapping code in link

* heapify do not recursive

* fix

* fix identifier and add test

* typing.Any and LinkedList instead of Linkedlist

* typing.Any and LinkedList instead of Linkedlist

* Typo? (#1653)

* Typo?

newNod -> newNode

* newNode -> new_node

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* implement max heap and more pythonic (#1685)

* implement max heap and more pythonic

* add doctests for heap

* Implemented Square Root Algorithm (#1687)

* Added to maths and strings

* added changes suggest by cclauss

* added square root function

* Fixed type hinting

* fixed type error

* Fixed another type error

* Solution for problem 30 of Euler Project (#1690)

* Create soln.py

Solution for problem 30 of Euler Project

* Update soln.py

* update soln.py

modified the changes

* if __name__ == "__main__":

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added implementation for simulated annealing (#1679)

* added hill climbing algorithm

* Shorten long lines, streamline get_neighbors()

* Update hill_climbing.py

* Update and rename optimization/hill_climbing.py to searches/hill_climbing.py

* added hill climbing algorithm

* Shorten long lines, streamline get_neighbors()

* Update hill_climbing.py

* Rebased

* added simulated annealing.py

* added final comments and test

* black formatted

* restricted search domain

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create codespell.yml (#1698)

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Create codespell.yml

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Create factorial_iterative.py (#1693)

* Create factorial_iterative.py

* Update factorial_iterative.py

* Update factorial_iterative.py

* Update factorial_iterative.py

* print(f"factorial{n} is {factorial(n)}")

* Update factorial_recursive.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added an algorithm that approximates line lengths (#1692)

* A recursive insertion sort

* added doctests and typehints

* Added arc length and numerical integration calculators

* fixed doc test

* Fixed some conversion errors

* Fixed some commenting

* Deleted numerical integration to allow 1 file per push

* Changed string formatting method

* Area Under a Curve Algorithm (#1701)

* A recursive insertion sort

* added doctests and typehints

* Added arc length and numerical integration calculators

* fixed doc test

* Fixed some conversion errors

* Fixed some commenting

* Deleted numerical integration to allow 1 file per push

* Changed string formatting method

* Added program to calculate trapezoidal area under curve

* Deleted files ensure 1 pull request per file

* file name changed

* Update area_under_curve.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add Prim's algorithm with min heap (#1704)

* Adding Armstrong number (#1708)

* Adding Armstrong number

* Update armstrong_numbers

* Update armstrong_numbers.py

* Update armstrong_numbers.py

* Update armstrong_numbers.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* fix comment (#1710)

* fix comment

* Update armstrong_numbers.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* codespell --quiet-level=2 (#1711)

* codespell --quiet-level=2

Suppress the BINARY FILE warnings

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Added implementation for Bezier Curve, under a new graphics directory.  (#1713)

* Added bezier curve

* black formatted

* corrected spell check

* edited scipy import

* updated documentation for readablitity

* Update bezier_curve.py

* Update bezier_curve.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Mandates referencing issue in PR (#1717)

* Mandates referencing issue in PR

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Update pull_request_template.md

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix typo (#1718)

* Fix typo

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Augment binary search algorithms (#1719)

* relevant documentation added (#1725)

* Implement Manacher's algorithm (#1721)

* manacher's algorithm updated

* Added first come first served scheduling (#1722)

* Added FCFS

* Fixed spelling error

* Rename fcfs.py to first_come_first_served.py

* Fixed FCFS and added tests.

* Made changes requested

* Use enumerate() instead of range(len())

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Improve collatz_sequence algorithm (#1726)

- Add more doctests and type checking to make sure only natural
  numbers are used

- Simplified the algorithm slightly
	This new verison is also between 10-15% faster for really
	long sequences

* Added Random Forest Regressor and tested with flake8 (#1733)

* Added Random Forest Regressor

* Updated file to standard

* Travis CI: Don’t allow bare exceptions (#1734)

* Travis CI: Don’t allow bare exceptions

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* except IOError:

* except IOError:

* Update hamming_code.py

* IndexError

* Get rid of the nonsense logic

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Added a Monte Carlo simulation (#1723)

* Added montecarlo.py

This algorithm uses a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the value of pi.

* Rename montecarlo.py to maths/montecarlo.py

* Add files via upload

* Delete montecarlo.py

* Rename montecarlo.py to maths/montecarlo.py

* Update montecarlo.py

* Fixes black failures (#1742)

* Fixes LGTM issues (#1745)

* Fixes redefinition of a variable

* Fixes implementing __eq__

* Updates docstring

* Add gitpod config (#1744)

* Add gitpod config

* Add Gitpod to icon bar

* Added DP Solution for Optimal BST Problem (#1740)

* Added code to dynamic_programming directory

* Added doctest

* Elaborated BST

* Small tweaks

* Update optimal_bst.py

* Some touchups

* Fixed doctest

* Update optimal_bst.py

* Update optimal_bst.py

* Update optimal_bst.py

* Rename optimal_bst.py to optimal_binary_search_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Bisection algorithm (#1739)

* Create Bisection.py

Find root of

* Update Bisection.py

* Update Bisection.py

i changed the given function with one that i could make the doctests.

* Rename Bisection.py to bisection.py

* Update bisection.py

* Update bisection.py

* Update bisection.py

* Update bisection.py

* Update bisection.py

Made the changes that were requested

* Update bisection.py

* Update bisection.py

* Add wiki url

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fixes unused variable errors in LGTM (#1746)

* Fixes unsed variable errors in LGTM

* Fixes integer check

* Fixes failing tests

* Add Chudnovskys algorithm for calculating many digits of pi (#1752)

* Add Chudnovskys algorithm for calculating many digits of pi

* Update return value type hint

* Initialize partial sum to be of type Decimal

* Update chudnovsky_algorithm.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fixes black failures from Previous PR (#1751)

* Fixes black failures from Previous PR

* Fixes equality testing alert

* Fixes call to main() alert

* Fixes unused import

* Create RayleighQuotient.py (#1749)

* Create RayleighQuotient.py

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_quotient

* Update RayleighQuotient.py

* Update and rename RayleighQuotient.py to rayleigh_quotient.py

* Update rayleigh_quotient.py

* Update rayleigh_quotient.py

python/black

* Update rayleigh_quotient.py

* Created geodesy section with one algorithm (#1757)

* implemented haversine

* updated docstring

Only calculate distance

* added type hints

* added type hints

* improved docstring and math usage

* f"{haversine_distance(*SAN_FRANCISCO, *YOSEMITE):0,.0f} meters"

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add Monte Carlo dice simulation algorithm (#1759)

* Implement basic dice simulation

* Add tests to throw_dice

* Fix comment

* Add type hints

* Add additional comments

* Update monte_carlo_dice.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update quadratic equations solver (#1764)

Use pythons complex number module cmath for the calculation of the
roots

* Added doctests in modular_exponential.py (#1775)

* added doctests in modular_exponential.py

* added doctests in modular_exponential.py

* added URL link

* Implemented geodesy - Lambert's ellipsoidal distance (#1763)

* Implemented Lambert's long line

* Update lamberts_ellipsoidal_distance.py

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* uses: actions/checkout@v2 (#1779)

* uses: actions/checkout@v2

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* add example to estimate area under line using montecarlo (#1782)

* add example to estimate area under line using montecarlo

* separate estimate func and print statements

* use mean from stats package

* avoid creating extra variable

* min_value: float=0.0, max_value: float=1.0

* Update montecarlo.py

* Update montecarlo.py

* Rename montecarlo.py to monte_carlo.py

* Update monte_carlo.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* extend estimation of area under curve of y=x using monte carlo simulation to any given lower and upper bound (#1784)

* extend estimation of area under curve of y=x using monte carlo simulation to any given lower and upper bound

* remove doctest

* Travis CI: Upgrade to Python 3.8 (#1783)

* Travis CI: Upgrade to Python 3.8

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Tensorflow is not yet compatible with Python 3.8

* Disable k_means_clustering_tensorflow.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Disable gan.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Disable input_data.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* pip install a current version of six

* estimate area under a curve defined by non-negative real-valued continuous function within a continuous interval using monte-carlo (#1785)

* estimate area under a curve defined by non-negative real-valued continuous function within a continuous interval using monte-carlo

* run black; update comments

* Use f”strings” and drop unnecessary returns

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add bilateral filter (#1786)

* Added Bilateral filter

* Added Bilateral filter

* changed types of varS and varI

* formatted with black

* added type hints

* changed variable names

* Update bilateral_filter.py

* Drop transitory variables, add parse_args()

Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create emails_from_url.py (#1756)

* Create emails_from_url.py

* Update emails_from_url.py

* Update emails_from_url.py

* 0 emails found:

* Update emails_from_url.py

* Use Python set() to remove duplicates

* Update emails_from_url.py

* Add type hints and doctests

Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* contribution guidelines checks (#1787)

* spelling corrections

* review

* improved documentation, removed redundant variables, added testing

* added type hint

* camel case to snake case

* spelling fix

* review

* python --> Python # it is a brand name, not a snake

* explicit cast to int

* spaces in int list

* "!= None" to "is not None"

* Update comb_sort.py

* various spelling corrections in documentation & several variables naming conventions fix

* + char in file name

* import dependency - bug fix

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Added SkipList (#1781)

* Added SkipList

* Add missing type hints and doctests

* Add missing doctest

* Tighten up doctest

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* update rot13.py (#1790)

* update rot13.py

* Update rot13.py

* Type hints, doctests, URL to Wikipedia

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* add relu function (#1795)

* Added Random Forest Classifier (#1738)

* Added Random Forest Regressor

* Updated file to standard

* Added Random Forest Classifier (Iris dataset) and a Confusion Matrix for result visualization

* autoblack: actions/checkout@v1  # Use v1, NOT v2 (#1796)

* autoblack: actions/checkout@v1  # Use v1, NOT v2

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix typo (#1797)

colision => collision

* Effective directory writer (#1800)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update directory_writer.yml

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* directory_writer: actions/checkout@v1 # Use v1, NOT v2 (#1799)

* directory_writer: actions/checkout@v1 # Use v1, NOT v2 (#1796

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Add Monte Carlo estimation of PI (#1712)

* Add Monte Carlo estimation of PI

* Add type annotations for Monte Carlo estimation of PI

* Compare the PI estimate to PI from the math lib

* accuracy -> error

* Update pi_monte_carlo_estimation.py

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Travis CI: Fix Travis linter errors (#1802)

* Travis CI: Fix Travis linter errors

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update .travis.yml

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix rehashing function will not call insert_data function (#1803)

* Fix rehashing function will not call insert_data function

* Fix typo

* Update loop syntax instead of allocating a list

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* 'allocation_content_length' (#1808)

* 'allocation_content_length'

* 'allocation_number'

* Delete allocation_content_length.py

* Update allocation_number.py

* Update allocation_number.py

* number_of_bytes and partitions

* Update allocation_number.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* All suggeted changes within additional time limit tests (#1815)

* With all suggested changes :white_check_mark: 

possibly covered all the recommended guidelines

* Updated with both slow and faster algorithms

possibally covered all the recomendations

* removed the time comparision part!

* Update data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add benchmark using timeit

https://docs.python.org/3/library/timeit.html

The performance delta between these two implementation is quite small...
```
next_greatest_element_slow(): 1.843442126
     next_greatest_element(): 1.828941414
```

* Optimize slow() to create fast() - Three algorithms in the race

Three algorithms in the race

* Use a bigger test array with floats, negatives, zero

* Setup import next_greatest_element_fast

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* psf/black changes to next_greater_element.py (#1817)

* psf/black changes to next_greater_element.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Typo in comment rabin_karp.py (#1820)

* Update rabin_karp.py

fix: typo

* Update rabin_karp.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update reverse_words.py (#1825)

The following update results in less lines of code and faster performance while preserving functionality.

* Update basic_binary_tree.py (#1833)

fixed some grammar mistakes

* Update greedy.py (#1832)

* Create Python/quantum/README.md (#1834)

* Create Python/quantum/README.md

Started at #1831

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Change gitpod configuration for python3. (#1827)

* Fix typo "panagram" -> "pangram" (#1836)

* Binary search tree using recursion (#1839)

* Binary search tree using recursion

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update README.md (#1842)

* CONTRIBUTING.md: Fix comments about the black formatter (#1841)

* CONTRIBUTING.md: Fix comments about the black formatter

Fixes #1840

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md

* Update FUNDING.yml (#1829)

* Update FUNDING.yml

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update FUNDING.yml

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Anup Kumar Panwar <1anuppanwar@gmail.com>

* Update FUNDING.yml

* Added new Algorithm to find middle element of Linked List (#1822)

* Added new Algorithm to find middle element of Linked List

* Rename MiddleElementOfLinkedList.py to middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* changed "middle_element_of_linked_list.py" algorithm for taking input

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Whack the trailing whitespace

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* README.md: sumab() --> sum_ab() for consistancy (#1855)

* README.md: sumab() --> sum_ab() for consistancy  

consistency

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* added add algorithm (#1856)

* added add algorithm

* Update and rename check/add.py to math/add.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Test the exception conditions (#1853)

* Text exception conditions

These are ValueErrors, not AttributeErrors.

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update perceptron.py

* Update perceptron.py

* Update perceptron.py

* Revert the test

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix some typos in random forest classifier (#1858)

* Update year in LICENSE.md (#1848)

* Rename math/add.py to maths/add.py (#1857)

* Rename math/add.py to maths/add.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Fix sum to add

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Update g_topological_sort.py (#1873)

* Create gaussian_naive_bayes.py (#1861)

* Create Gaussian_Naive_Bayes.py

Added Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm in the module machine learning

* Rename Gaussian_Naive_Bayes.py to gaussian_naive_bayes.py

* requirements.txt: pip install xgboost

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* CONTRIBUTING.md: What is an Algorithm? (#1885)

* CONTRIBUTING.md: What is an Algorithm?

We are seeing too many _how-to examples_ for using existing Python packages so we should define what we want algorithm contributions to be.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update random_forest_regressor.py (#1880)

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md (#1886)

* Update abbreviation.py (#1887)

* Initialize set with source in DFS (#1872)

* Update dfs.py

* Add type hints, rearrange doc-strings and comments

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* dfs -> depth_first_search

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* dfs -> depth_first_search

* Add doctest for DFS

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Rename dfs.py to depth_first_search_dictionary.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Rename depth_first_search_dictionary.py to depth_first_search_dfs.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Rename depth_first_search.py to depth_first_search_2.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Rename depth_first_search_dfs.py to depth_first_search.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update breadth_first_search.py (#1869)

* Create is_palindrome.py (#1754)

* Create is_palindrome.py

* Update is_palindrome.py

* Update is_palindrome.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create Python/bit_manipulation/README.md (#1897)

* Create Python/bit_manipulation/README.md

To open up a new area of algorithms...

@Shrutikabansal I hope that you will contribute some of your work here.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix: space count in strings/word_occurrence.py (#1896)

* fix: space count in strings/word_occurrence.py

* Update strings/word_occurrence.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update strings/word_occurrence.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update strings/word_occurrence.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update word_occurrence.py

Seems like, there is no need o `occurrence.pop('', None)`

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add cellular_automata directory (#1902)

Related to https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/issues/1613#issuecomment-618175224 @8Dion8 Your review please.  Once this land, this directory would be a great place for you to add your work.

* Update linear_search.py (#1906)

* Fix typo in Project Euler sol1.py (#1875)

* Added sepia tone (#1877)

* Add sepia tone

* Add unit test

* technic --> technique

* Update digital_image_processing/sepia.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update digital_image_processing/sepia.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fixed errors after commit changes

* Fixed errors

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create one_dimensional.py (#1905)

* Create one_dimensional.py

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update one_dimensional.py

Moved import to the top so that the type Image gets recognized

* Update one_dimensional.py

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

* Update one_dimensional.py

* Update one_dimensional.py

* Update one_dimensional.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Blacken one_dimensional.py (#1911)

* Blacken one_dimensional.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Travis CI: Upgrade to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Focal

Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) https://releases.ubuntu.com/focal

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added A1Z26 Cipher (#1914)

* A1Z26 Cipher

* A1Z26 Cipher

* Added type hints

* Added Doctests

* removed tabs, spaces instead

* corrected doctest

* corrected doctest

* info URLs added

* Condensed decode to one line

* Condensed encode function to a single line

* Nice one!

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Burkes dithering algorithm. (#1916)

* Added Burkes dithering algorithm

* Added unit tests for burkes algorithm

* Fix burkes algorithm

* Added some additional information

* Fixed CI tests

* Update digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Propogate the += and add a doctest

* Fix doctest

* @staticmethod --> @ classmethod to ease testing

* def test_burkes(file_path):

* Fix for mypy checks

* Fix variable order in get_greyscale

* Fix get_greyscale method

* Fix get_greyscale method

* 3.753

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix invalid escape sequence in binary_search_tree.py (#1920)

* Fix invalid escape sequence in binary_search_tree.py

data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py:156
  /home/travis/build/TheAlgorithms/Python/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py:156: DeprecationWarning: invalid escape sequence \

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Graph coloring (#1921)

* add skeleton code

* add doctests

* add mainc function pseudo code and tests (ToDo: write Implementation)

* typo fixes

* implement algorithm

* add type checking

* add wikipedia link

* typo fix

* update range syntax

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* change indexed iteration checking to any()

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* fix: swap import and documentation sections

* fix: change return none to return empty list

* remove unnecessary import (Union)

* change: remove returning boolean indicating problem was solved or not

* remove unnecessary import (Tuple)

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add shortest path by BFS (#1870)

* Create breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Reduce side effect of `shortest_path`

For the sake of future testing and documentation -

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Fix typo `separately`

* Change to get() from dictionary

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Move graph to the top

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Add doctest for shortest path

* Add doctest for BFS

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Add typings for breadth_first_search_shortest_path

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Remove assert from doctests

* Add blank line to doctest

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw@linux.com>

* Changed the deprecated `np.matrix` to `np.ndarray` (#1923)

* Wrap lines that go beyond GitHub Editor (#1925)

* Wrap lines that go beyond GiHub Editor

* flake8 --count --select=E501 --max-line-length=127

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update strassen_matrix_multiplication.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update decision_tree.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update stale comment (#1924)

* Update close comment

* Update stale.yml

* Multiline strings in yaml files

https://yaml-multiline.info/

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Hamiltonian Cycle (#1930)

* add skeleton code

* add doctests

* add tests for util function + implement wrapper

* full implementation

* add ability to add starting verex for algorithm

* add static type checking

* add doc tests to validation method

* bug fix: doctests expected failing

* Update hamiltonian_cycle.py

* Update hamiltonian_cycle.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* support_vector_machines.py increase error tolerance to suppress convergence warnings (#1929)

* Update support_vector_machines.py

* Update support_vector_machines.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* enhanced segment tree implementation and more pythonic (#1715)

* enhanced segment tree implementation and more pythonic

enhanced segment tree implementation and more pythonic

* add doctests for segment tree

* add type annotations

* unified processing sum min max segment tre

* delete source encoding in segment tree

* use a generator function instead of returning

* add doctests for methods

* add doctests for methods

* add doctests

* fix doctest

* fix doctest

* fix doctest

* fix function parameter and fix determine conditions

* Check if a item exist in stack or not (#1931)

* Check if a item exist in stack or not

* implemented __contains__ method in stack

* made changes in __contains__

* added method for checking armstrong number (#1936)

* added method for checking armstrong number

* Update comment

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Solution for Euler Problem 26 (#1939)

* Solution for Euler Problem 26

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

typo error fix.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

typo error fix

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

ok to remove, this comes from Pycharm automatically when docstring is added.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

ok to remove.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* now_divide = now_divide * 10 % divide_by_number

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix psf/black issues than fail the build (#1935)

* Fix psf/black issues than fail the build

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Delete FUNDING.yml

* Create sol2.py (#1876)

* Create sol2.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update sol2.py

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Improve docstrings

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw@linux.com>

* Deal with maps (#1945)

* Deal with maps

Try with the search term "pizza" to see why this was done in #1932

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update armstrong_numbers.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update crawl_google_results.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* change method name from front to get_front (#1943)

Co-authored-by: “Vipul <“vipulrai8891@gmail.com”>

* Added new algorithm: cracking caesar cipher with the chi-squared test (#1950)

* added decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py and ran all checks

* Updated default parameters

Removed mistake with mutable default arguments

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Updated handling for optional arguments

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Changed return statement to tuple

Made function return a tuple instead of a list

* Added more doctests

* Fixed spelling mistakes

* black . - reformatted decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py

* Updated if statements to fit the updated code

* Minimized amount of lines in the code.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Lstm example for stock predection (#1908)

* Added Lstm example for stock predection

* Changes after review

* changes after build failed

* Add Kiera’s to requirements.txt

* requirements.txt: Add keras and tensorflow

* psf/black

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm (#1957)

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm

It is in IPYNB format but the dataframes are really looking good.
Please, take a look.

* Delete Shortest_Job_First_Algorithm.ipynb

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm

* Update Shortest_Job_First Algorithm.py

* Update Shortest_Job_First Algorithm.py

* Update Shortest_Job_first Algorithm

* Added Shortest_Job_First Algorithm

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm

* Update shortest_job_first_algorithm.py

* Format code with psf/black

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add sleep-sort (#1867)

* added sleepsort

Adding sleepsort

* Add doctest and typing for sleepsort

* Use self-descriptive variable name

* Update sleepsort.py

* Update sorts/sleepsort.py

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py (#1866)

* Add files via upload

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Whitespace changes

* Format with psf/black

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Nearest neighbour algorithm (#1934)

* Upgrades to caesar_cipher.py (#1958)

* Added more flexibility to functions, decreased amount of repeating code

* Added docstrings

* Updated input functions

* Added doctests

* removed test piece of code

* black .

* Updated caesar cipher standard alphabet to fit python 3.8

* Update and rename sleepsort.py to sleep_sort.py

* Or 4

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Travis CI: lint for useless backslashes (#1961)

* Travis CI: lint for useless backslashes

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* flake8  --max-complexity=25

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Kadanes_algorithm (#1959)

* Add files via upl…

* Binary search tree using recursion (#1839)

* Binary search tree using recursion

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update README.md (#1842)

* CONTRIBUTING.md: Fix comments about the black formatter (#1841)

* CONTRIBUTING.md: Fix comments about the black formatter

Fixes #1840

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md

* Update FUNDING.yml (#1829)

* Update FUNDING.yml

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update FUNDING.yml

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Anup Kumar Panwar <1anuppanwar@gmail.com>

* Update FUNDING.yml

* Added new Algorithm to find middle element of Linked List (#1822)

* Added new Algorithm to find middle element of Linked List

* Rename MiddleElementOfLinkedList.py to middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* changed "middle_element_of_linked_list.py" algorithm for taking input

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Update middle_element_of_linked_list.py

* Whack the trailing whitespace

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* README.md: sumab() --> sum_ab() for consistancy (#1855)

* README.md: sumab() --> sum_ab() for consistancy  

consistency

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* added add algorithm (#1856)

* added add algorithm

* Update and rename check/add.py to math/add.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Test the exception conditions (#1853)

* Text exception conditions

These are ValueErrors, not AttributeErrors.

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update perceptron.py

* Update perceptron.py

* Update perceptron.py

* Revert the test

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix some typos in random forest classifier (#1858)

* Update year in LICENSE.md (#1848)

* Rename math/add.py to maths/add.py (#1857)

* Rename math/add.py to maths/add.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Fix sum to add

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Update g_topological_sort.py (#1873)

* Create gaussian_naive_bayes.py (#1861)

* Create Gaussian_Naive_Bayes.py

Added Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm in the module machine learning

* Rename Gaussian_Naive_Bayes.py to gaussian_naive_bayes.py

* requirements.txt: pip install xgboost

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* CONTRIBUTING.md: What is an Algorithm? (#1885)

* CONTRIBUTING.md: What is an Algorithm?

We are seeing too many _how-to examples_ for using existing Python packages so we should define what we want algorithm contributions to be.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update random_forest_regressor.py (#1880)

* Update CONTRIBUTING.md (#1886)

* Update abbreviation.py (#1887)

* Initialize set with source in DFS (#1872)

* Update dfs.py

* Add type hints, rearrange doc-strings and comments

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* dfs -> depth_first_search

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* dfs -> depth_first_search

* Add doctest for DFS

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Rename dfs.py to depth_first_search_dictionary.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Rename depth_first_search_dictionary.py to depth_first_search_dfs.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Rename depth_first_search.py to depth_first_search_2.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Rename depth_first_search_dfs.py to depth_first_search.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update breadth_first_search.py (#1869)

* Create is_palindrome.py (#1754)

* Create is_palindrome.py

* Update is_palindrome.py

* Update is_palindrome.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create Python/bit_manipulation/README.md (#1897)

* Create Python/bit_manipulation/README.md

To open up a new area of algorithms...

@Shrutikabansal I hope that you will contribute some of your work here.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix: space count in strings/word_occurrence.py (#1896)

* fix: space count in strings/word_occurrence.py

* Update strings/word_occurrence.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update strings/word_occurrence.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update strings/word_occurrence.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update word_occurrence.py

Seems like, there is no need o `occurrence.pop('', None)`

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add cellular_automata directory (#1902)

Related to https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/issues/1613#issuecomment-618175224 @8Dion8 Your review please.  Once this land, this directory would be a great place for you to add your work.

* Update linear_search.py (#1906)

* Fix typo in Project Euler sol1.py (#1875)

* Added sepia tone (#1877)

* Add sepia tone

* Add unit test

* technic --> technique

* Update digital_image_processing/sepia.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update digital_image_processing/sepia.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fixed errors after commit changes

* Fixed errors

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create one_dimensional.py (#1905)

* Create one_dimensional.py

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update one_dimensional.py

Moved import to the top so that the type Image gets recognized

* Update one_dimensional.py

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

* Update cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py

* Update one_dimensional.py

* Update one_dimensional.py

* Update one_dimensional.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Blacken one_dimensional.py (#1911)

* Blacken one_dimensional.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Travis CI: Upgrade to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Focal

Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) https://releases.ubuntu.com/focal

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added A1Z26 Cipher (#1914)

* A1Z26 Cipher

* A1Z26 Cipher

* Added type hints

* Added Doctests

* removed tabs, spaces instead

* corrected doctest

* corrected doctest

* info URLs added

* Condensed decode to one line

* Condensed encode function to a single line

* Nice one!

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Burkes dithering algorithm. (#1916)

* Added Burkes dithering algorithm

* Added unit tests for burkes algorithm

* Fix burkes algorithm

* Added some additional information

* Fixed CI tests

* Update digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Propogate the += and add a doctest

* Fix doctest

* @staticmethod --> @ classmethod to ease testing

* def test_burkes(file_path):

* Fix for mypy checks

* Fix variable order in get_greyscale

* Fix get_greyscale method

* Fix get_greyscale method

* 3.753

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix invalid escape sequence in binary_search_tree.py (#1920)

* Fix invalid escape sequence in binary_search_tree.py

data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py:156
  /home/travis/build/TheAlgorithms/Python/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py:156: DeprecationWarning: invalid escape sequence \

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Graph coloring (#1921)

* add skeleton code

* add doctests

* add mainc function pseudo code and tests (ToDo: write Implementation)

* typo fixes

* implement algorithm

* add type checking

* add wikipedia link

* typo fix

* update range syntax

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* change indexed iteration checking to any()

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* fix: swap import and documentation sections

* fix: change return none to return empty list

* remove unnecessary import (Union)

* change: remove returning boolean indicating problem was solved or not

* remove unnecessary import (Tuple)

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add shortest path by BFS (#1870)

* Create breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Reduce side effect of `shortest_path`

For the sake of future testing and documentation -

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Fix typo `separately`

* Change to get() from dictionary

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Move graph to the top

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Add doctest for shortest path

* Add doctest for BFS

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Add typings for breadth_first_search_shortest_path

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Remove assert from doctests

* Add blank line to doctest

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw@linux.com>

* Changed the deprecated `np.matrix` to `np.ndarray` (#1923)

* Wrap lines that go beyond GitHub Editor (#1925)

* Wrap lines that go beyond GiHub Editor

* flake8 --count --select=E501 --max-line-length=127

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update strassen_matrix_multiplication.py

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update decision_tree.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update stale comment (#1924)

* Update close comment

* Update stale.yml

* Multiline strings in yaml files

https://yaml-multiline.info/

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Hamiltonian Cycle (#1930)

* add skeleton code

* add doctests

* add tests for util function + implement wrapper

* full implementation

* add ability to add starting verex for algorithm

* add static type checking

* add doc tests to validation method

* bug fix: doctests expected failing

* Update hamiltonian_cycle.py

* Update hamiltonian_cycle.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* support_vector_machines.py increase error tolerance to suppress convergence warnings (#1929)

* Update support_vector_machines.py

* Update support_vector_machines.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* enhanced segment tree implementation and more pythonic (#1715)

* enhanced segment tree implementation and more pythonic

enhanced segment tree implementation and more pythonic

* add doctests for segment tree

* add type annotations

* unified processing sum min max segment tre

* delete source encoding in segment tree

* use a generator function instead of returning

* add doctests for methods

* add doctests for methods

* add doctests

* fix doctest

* fix doctest

* fix doctest

* fix function parameter and fix determine conditions

* Check if a item exist in stack or not (#1931)

* Check if a item exist in stack or not

* implemented __contains__ method in stack

* made changes in __contains__

* added method for checking armstrong number (#1936)

* added method for checking armstrong number

* Update comment

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Solution for Euler Problem 26 (#1939)

* Solution for Euler Problem 26

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

typo error fix.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

typo error fix

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

ok to remove, this comes from Pycharm automatically when docstring is added.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

ok to remove.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_26/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* now_divide = now_divide * 10 % divide_by_number

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix psf/black issues than fail the build (#1935)

* Fix psf/black issues than fail the build

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Delete FUNDING.yml

* Create sol2.py (#1876)

* Create sol2.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update sol2.py

* Update DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Improve docstrings

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw@linux.com>

* Deal with maps (#1945)

* Deal with maps

Try with the search term "pizza" to see why this was done in #1932

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update armstrong_numbers.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update crawl_google_results.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* change method name from front to get_front (#1943)

Co-authored-by: “Vipul <“vipulrai8891@gmail.com”>

* Added new algorithm: cracking caesar cipher with the chi-squared test (#1950)

* added decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py and ran all checks

* Updated default parameters

Removed mistake with mutable default arguments

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Updated handling for optional arguments

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Changed return statement to tuple

Made function return a tuple instead of a list

* Added more doctests

* Fixed spelling mistakes

* black . - reformatted decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py

* Updated if statements to fit the updated code

* Minimized amount of lines in the code.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Lstm example for stock predection (#1908)

* Added Lstm example for stock predection

* Changes after review

* changes after build failed

* Add Kiera’s to requirements.txt

* requirements.txt: Add keras and tensorflow

* psf/black

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm (#1957)

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm

It is in IPYNB format but the dataframes are really looking good.
Please, take a look.

* Delete Shortest_Job_First_Algorithm.ipynb

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm

* Update Shortest_Job_First Algorithm.py

* Update Shortest_Job_First Algorithm.py

* Update Shortest_Job_first Algorithm

* Added Shortest_Job_First Algorithm

* Added Shortest Job First Algorithm

* Update shortest_job_first_algorithm.py

* Format code with psf/black

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add sleep-sort (#1867)

* added sleepsort

Adding sleepsort

* Add doctest and typing for sleepsort

* Use self-descriptive variable name

* Update sleepsort.py

* Update sorts/sleepsort.py

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py (#1866)

* Add files via upload

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

Co-Authored-By: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Update frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py

* Whitespace changes

* Format with psf/black

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Nearest neighbour algorithm (#1934)

* Upgrades to caesar_cipher.py (#1958)

* Added more flexibility to functions, decreased amount of repeating code

* Added docstrings

* Updated input functions

* Added doctests

* removed test piece of code

* black .

* Updated caesar cipher standard alphabet to fit python 3.8

* Update and rename sleepsort.py to sleep_sort.py

* Or 4

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Travis CI: lint for useless backslashes (#1961)

* Travis CI: lint for useless backslashes

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* flake8  --max-complexity=25

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Kadanes_algorithm (#1959)

* Add files via upload

* Update Kadane's_algorithm.py

* Update and rename Kadane's_algorithm.py to kadanes_algorithm.py

* Update kadanes_algorithm.py

* Update kadanes_algorithm.py

* Update kadanes_algorithm.py

* Update kadanes_algorithm.py

* Update kadanes_algorithm.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added A* algorithm (#1913)

* a* algorithm

* changes after build error

* intent changes

* fix after review

* ImportMissmatchError

* Build failed fix

* doctest changes

* doctest changes

* Travis CI: Strict flake8 (#1962)

* Travis CI: Strict flake8

Turn the screws all the way down.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Switch from flake8 --select to --ignore

* Quotes

* IGNORE=E123,E203,E265,E266,E302,E401,E402,E712,E731,E741,E743,F811,F841,W291,W293,W503

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix astar (#1966)

* Fix astar

Single character variable names are old school.

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Tuple

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add type hints to max_heap.py (#1960)

* Max heap implementation

* Update max_heap.py

* Update max_heap.py

* Update max_heap.py

* __len__ method added

* Update max_heap.py

Co-authored-by: halilpython <65048618+halilpython@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Iterative merge sort implementation (#1972)

* Added Iterative merge sort

* Added iterative merge sorts

* Update changes

* Add the ability to sort strings

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* The new version of flake8 is linting f-strings (#1976)

* The new version of flake8 is linting f-strings

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update linear_search.py (#1974)

* Update linear_search.py

Comment modified in line 17 as Sorting not required in Linear Search

* Update linear_search.py

Comment modified in line 17

* improved prime number generator to check only up to sqrt(n) instead of n (#1984)

* improved prime number generator to check only up to sqrt(n) instead of n

* added old version as slow_primes() and named new, faster version primes()

* fixed docstring in slow_primes

* Add a timeit benchmark

* Update prime_numbers.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added file aliquot_sum.py (#1985)

* Added file aliquot_sum.py containing a function to find theo

* Added parameter type info to aliquot_sum.py

* Update maths/aliquot_sum.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update maths/aliquot_sum.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Updated code to raise ValueErrors if input is bad

* Fixed logical operators

* Removed unnecessary import

* Updated aliquot_sum.py

* fixed formatting

* fixed documentation

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* actions/setup-python@v2 (#1986)

* actions/setup-python@v2

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update autoblack.yml

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update codespell.yml

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added strand sort (#1982)

* Added strand sort

* Review changes

* Remove boilerplate code

* Fixed flake error: E252

* Added missing return type hint

* Add tests and type hints to hill cipher (#1991)

* Added tests and type hints to hill cipher

* Remove extra >>>

* import doctest

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* hill_cipher.py: gcd() -> greatest_common_divisor() (#1997)

* hill_cipher.py: gcd() -> greatest_common_divisor()

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* import string

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Change matrix to array

Add more tests

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* added __len__ function (#1812)

* added __len__ function

Added a function to count number of nodes in linked list

* Updated __len__ method

used snake_case instead of camel case

* Add tests to __len__()

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* change doctest line (#2007)

* change doctest line

import doctest is not relevant with algorithms. move it under main section.

* from doctest import testmod

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Pi digit extraction algorithm (#1996)

* added pi digit extraction formula

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* fixed typo in a comment

* updated bbp_formula.py

* Update maths/bbp_formula.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update maths/bbp_formula.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update bbp_formula.py

* Update and rename bbp_formula.py to bailey_borwein_plouffe.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* calculate

* "".join(bailey_borwein_plouffe(i) for i in range(1, 12))

* Update bailey_borwein_plouffe.py

* Update bailey_borwein_plouffe.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* consists of area of various geometrical shapes (#2002)

* consists of area of various geometrical shapes

In this program it consists of various area calculation of different geometrical shapes such as (square,rectangle) and many other shapes.

* print(f'Rectangle: {area_rectangle(10, 20)=}')

* Update area.py

* Areas of various geometric shapes:

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Precision must be a nonnegative integer (#2013)

* Precision must be a nonnegative integer

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* refactor: move import pytest line of blockchain algs under "main" section. (#2012)

* change doctest line

import doctest is not relevant with algorithms. move it under main section.

* from doctest import testmod

* refactor: move doctest under "main" section

* Update diophantine_equation.py

* Update modular_division.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Easter date gauss algorithm (#2010)

* Added gauss easter algorithm

* Fixes in easter algorithm

* Commit suggestions

* singly_linked_list.py: psf/black (#2008)

* singly_linked_list.py: psf/black

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update singly_linked_list.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update fast_fibonacci.py (#1889)

* Update fast_fibonacci.py

* Update fast_fibonacci.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update atbash cipher (doc, doctest, performance) (#2017)

* Update atbash

* Add benchmark() to quantify the performance improvement

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Graphs : Bidirectional A* (#2015)

* implement bidirectional astar

* add type hints

* add wikipedia url

* format with black

* changes from review

* Graphs : Greedy Best First (#2018)

* implement greedy best first

* implement Greedy Best First Search

* review changes

* add doctests

* >>> gbf.search()  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fixes in Bidirectional A* (#2020)

* implement bidirectional astar

* add type hints

* add wikipedia url

* format with black

* changes from review

* fix collision check

* Add testmod()

* # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE

* Codespell: euclidean

* Codespell: coordinates

* Codespell: traversal

* Codespell: remaining

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Tighten up psf/black and flake8 (#2024)

* Tighten up psf/black and flake8

* Fix some tests

* Fix some E741

* Fix some E741

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added bead sort (#2022)

* Added bead sort

* Commit suggestion

* Added checking before sort

* Bead sort only works for sequences of nonegative integers

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update is_palindrome.py (#2025)

* Update is_palindrome.py

* Update is_palindrome.py

* Reuse s

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Merge sort Update variable names (#2032)

* Update Merge sort variable names

* Update mergesort.py

* Update mergesort.py

* black

* Update mergesort.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* .travis.yml: Revert to using autoblack (#2033)

* .travis.yml: Revert to using autoblack

Our autoblack GitHub Action will get us to black compliance without forcing each contributor to learn about, install, and use psf/black on every pull request.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Euclidean recursive method + doctests + type hints (#1999)

* Recursive euclidean algorithm + doctests and type hints

* Fix doctests in recursive method

* Added commit suggestions

* added Boruvka's MST algorithm (#2026)

* added Boruvka's MST algorithm

* Add files via upload

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Updated Boruvka with doctest

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py

* No blank line in doctest

* <BLANKLINE>

* Avoid mutable default values

https://docs.python-guide.org/writing/gotchas/

* Update minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py

* Avoid mutable default values

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py

* Update minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Enhance shell sort syntax (#2035)

* Created weatherforecast.py (#2037)

* Created weatherforecast.py

Added weatherforecast.py to retrieve weather information of a location and return dictionary values.

* Update weatherforecast.py

* Update and rename weatherforecast.py to current_weather.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* current_weather, weather_forecast, weather_onecall (#2048)

* current_weather, weather_forecast, weather_onecall

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* weather_forecast("Kolkata, India")

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Jaro winkler (#2041)

* Added jaro_winkler first version

* Added doctests

* Fix flake warnings

* Refactor

* Fixes bug in jaro winkler implementation

* Commit suggestions

* Missing comming suggestions

* Remove unused math module

* Import doctest

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* circular_linked_list: Add more len() tests (#2051)

* circular_linked_list: Add more len() tests

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* prepend()

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Fix decrementation of self.length

* Add empty list tests

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* data_structures/linked_list: Add __len__() function and tests (#2047)

* Update __init__.py

please add a function to get length of linked list

* Update __init__.py

* Update doubly_linked_list.py

all size function lo doubly linked list class

* prime number _better method

* comments

* Updated init.py 2

made it more pythonic

* updated length function

* commnet in linked_list construtor

* Update data_structures/linked_list/__init__.py

accepecting changes

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/linked_list/__init__.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update __init__.py

* Revert changes to doubly_linked_list.py

* Revert changes to prime_check.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Naive string doctests + typehints (#2054)

* Added doctests

* Added __main__

* Commit suggestion

* Undo changes to keep only doctests and typehints

* Reundo function name with params

* Update naive_string_search.py

* Update naive_string_search.py

* Update naive_string_search.py

* Update naive_string_search.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Create number_of_digits.py (#1975)

* Create number_of_digits.py

A python program to find the number of digits in a number.

* Update number_of_digits.py

* Update number_of_digits.py

* Add #1976 to get Travis CI to pass

#1976

* Add type hints as discussed in CONTRIBUTING.md

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Doctests + typehints in cocktail shaker sort (#2061)

* Doctests in cocktail shaker sort

* import doctest

* print(f"{cocktail_shaker_sort(unsorted) = }")

Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* conversions/decimal_to_binary.py: Add type hints (#2001)

* A .py file to covert a base to any new base(2-18)

* Update base_changer.py

* Added type-hints.

* Delete base_changer.py

* Update build_directory_md.py (#2066)

Propagate argument `top_dir` to good_file_paths.
Previously this argument did not get passed to the helper function when calling print_directory_md.

* create sum_of_digits.py (#2065)

* create sum_of_digits.py

create sum_of_digits.py to find the sum of digits of a number
digit_sum(12345) ---> 15
digit_sum(12345) ---> 10

* Update sum_of_digits.py

* Update maths/sum_of_digits.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update maths/sum_of_digits.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update sum_of_digits.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Harris corner detection (#2064)

* Added Lstm example for stock predection

* Changes after review

* changes after build failed

* Add Kiera’s to requirements.txt

* requirements.txt: Add keras and tensorflow

* psf/black

* haris corner detection

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* changes after review

* changes after review

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Refactor cycle_sort (#2072)

* Refactor cycle_sort

* Undo changes to keep only doctests

* Remove boilerplate comments and unused variables (#2073)

* Errors notifications under pull requests (#2081)

* Added error comments under pull requests

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Create-Add files to greedy_method directory (#2082)

* Add Greedy Method Approach

* Update Filename

* Update Variable and Links

* Fixed flake8 bugs

* Update unittest filename

* Update unittest filename

* Final unittest filename update

* Pythonic Code formatting

* flake8 fixes

* lowercase function name

* Add zip function

* Add zip function

* params lowercase

* Travis CI fixes

* Update and rename knapsack_problem.py to knapsack.py

* Update test_knapsack.py

* Fix bugs

* Rename knapsack.py to greedy_knapsack.py

* Update test_knapsack.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added travis notifications only on fail (#2091)

* Added travis notifications only on fail

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added Readme for computer vision (#2075)

* Create README.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Refactor remove duplicates to more pythonic (#2093)

* Refactor strings/remove_duplicate to more pythonic

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* calc_profit always returns an int (#2090)

* calc_profit always returns an int

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix fetch_github_info __main__ bug (#2080)

* fix fetch_github_info __main__ bug

* Algorithms should not print

* Update fetch_github_info.py

* Update fetch_github_info.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Added function to convert from decimal to another base (#2087)

* Added function to convert from decimal to another base

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Changed type() to isinstance()

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Changed to base in (0, 1)

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Updated to div not in (0, 1)

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Updated to make condition clearer

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Using divmod() instead of % operator

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Improved readability on a docstring test

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Changed use of type() to isinstance()

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Changed from use of type() to isinstance()

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Made changes and improved function

* Update conversions/decimal_to_any.py

Added space to docstring test

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Changed action for bad input

* Added support for conversions up to base 36 (#2087)

* Added support for conversions up to base 36 and renamed HEXADECIMAL dict (#2087)

* Fixed whitespace issue (#2087)

* Fixed issue with line length (#2087)

* Fixed issue with conversions past base-10 failing (#2087)

* Added more robust testing (#2087)

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* created perfect_cube.py (#2076)

* created perfect_cube.py

To find whether a number is a perfect cube or not.

* Update perfect_cube.py

* Update perfect_cube.py

* Update perfect_cube.py

* Add Z-function algorithm implementation (#2067)

* Add Z-function algorithm implementation

* Spelling correction

* Reference url correction

* Add additional function as an example of z-function usage, change docstrings for functions

* Fix flake8 errors

* Update z_function.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* implement sdbm hash algorithm (#2094)

* implement sdbm hash algorithm

* fix bug: styling

* fix styling for decimal_to_any

* Fix syntax for flake8 passing (#2096)

* Fix syntax for flake8 passing

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* # fmt: off / # fmt: on

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix indentation (#2097)

* Hash adler32 (#2111)

* implement hash

* fix indentation

* Create natural_language_processing (#2116)

* Create natural_language_processing

Closes #2115

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* implement rat in maze algorithm. (#2106)

* implement rat in maze algorithm.

* style changes

* fix trailing whitespace

* add test, fix style

* fix style

* method change

* minor changes

* style changes

* return solved

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix line break after binary operator (#2119)

* Fix line break after binary operator

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add pytest init file to define custom mark mat_ops (#2120)

Fixes #1917.

* Set the Python file maximum line length to 88 characters (#2122)

* flake8 --max-line-length=88

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix long line, tests (#2123)

* Fix long line

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Add doctest

* ...

* ...

* Update tabu_search.py

* space

* Fix doctest

    >>> find_neighborhood(['a','c','b','d','e','a'])  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    [['a','e','b','d','c','a',90], [['a','c','d','b','e','a',90],
     ['a','d','b','c','e','a',93], ['a','c','b','e','d','a',102],
     ['a','c','e','d','b','a',113], ['a','b','c','d','e','a',93]]

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: John Law <johnlaw.po@gmail.com>

* Count (#2084)

* Add files via upload

* Update and rename count_islands.py to count_islands_in_matrix.py

* Update matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Reformat count islands.py

* Indent Python code with 4 spaces, not tabs

* Update count_islands_in_matrix.py

* Add type hints for return values

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* CONTRIBUTING.md: Update flake8 command (#2124)

* CONTRIBUTING.md: Update flake8 command

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Graphs : Bidirectional Breadth-First Search (#2057)

* implement bidirectional breadth first

* remove useless import

* remove trailing whitespaces

* implementation of entropy algorithm. (#2110)

* implementation of entropy algorithm.

* add tests, fix requested changes

* open_file() --> analyze_text()

* Create bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py

* # type: ignore

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Hash djb2 (#2098)

* implement hash

* fix flake8 error

* Update hashes/djb2.py

* Update hashes/djb2.py

* Long lines

* def djb2(s: str) -> int:

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Blacken our code (#2125)

* Blacken

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Create change_brightness.py (#2126)

* Create change_brightness.py

* Update change_brightness.py

* Update change_brightness.py

* Update change_brightness.py

* Update change_brightness.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added doctests to bucket sort (#2079)

* Added doctests to bucket sort

* Missing typehint

* Wrap long lines

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update bucket_sort.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update bucket_sort.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added maximum non-adjacent sum (#2130)

* Added maximum non-adjacent sum

* Bugfix: flake8 test

* Implemented changes (broke tuple unpacking into 2 lines due to flake8 tests)

* Implemented changes v2.0

* Update max_non_adjacent_sum.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Implement connected components algorithm for graphs (#2113)

* Implement connected components algorithm for graphs

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Add parameters and return values annotations with Python type hints

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Add doctests and typehints

* Remove unnecessary comments, change variable names

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Strongly connected components (#2114)

* Implement strongly connected components for graph algorithms

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Delete trailing whitespace

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Add doctests and typehints

* Remove unnecessary comments, change variable names

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Change undefined variable's name

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Implement prefix function, knuth-morris-pratt another usage (#2099)

* Implement prefix function, knuth-morris-pratt another usage

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Fix style

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update prefix_function.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add lempel ziv compression (#2107)

* Added lempel-ziv compression algorithm implementation

* Added lempel-ziv decompression algorithm implementation

* Reformatted lempel-ziv compress/decompress files using black

* Added type hints and some other modifications (Doctests coming up)

* Shortened several lines to comply with the standards

* Added (Open) Knight Tour Algorithm (#2132)

* Added (Open) Knight Tour Algorithm

* Implemented Suggestions

* add visualization of k means clustering as excel format (#2104)

* add visualization of kmneas clust as excel format

* style changes

* style changes

* Add doctest and typehint!

* style change

* Update machine_learning/k_means_clust.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update machine_learning/k_means_clust.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Euler problem 551 sol 1: Reduce McCabe code complexity (#2141)

* Euler problem 551 sol 1: Reduce McCabe code complexity

As discussed in #2128

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* hamming_code.py: Reduce McCabe code complexity (#2140)

* hamming_code.py: Reduce McCabe code complexity

As discussed in #2128

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added Markov Chain (#2146)

* Added Markov Chain

* Implemented suggestions

* Add doctests to radix_sort() (#2148)

* Add doctests to radix_sort()

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update radix_sort.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added doctests to OddEvenTraposition (#2152)

* Added doctests

* Change __main__ content

* Typehints + refactor (#2154)

* Update avl_tree.py (#2145)

* Update avl_tree.py

it's true definition of AVL tree,change  left and right rotation,and add avl_tree doctest

* Update avl_tree.py

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update avl_tree.py

update some function name and update doctest

* Update avl_tree.py

change some code format to fit flake8 review

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* NLP Word Frequency Algorithms (#2142)

* NLP Word Frequency Algorithms

* Added type hints and Wikipedia link to tf-idf

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix line length for flake8

* Fix line length for flake8 V2

* Add line escapes and change int to float

* Corrected doctests

* Fix for TravisCI

* Fix for TravisCI V2

* Tests passing locally

* Tests passing locally

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add doctest examples and clean up docstrings

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added LRU Cache (#2138)

* Added LRU Cache

* Optimized the program

* Added Cache as Decorator + Implemented suggestions

* Implemented suggestions

* Added LFU Cache (#2151)

* Added LFU Cache

* Update lfu_cache.py

* None is returned

* Add type hints

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py (#2150)

* Create __init__.py

* Initial commit

Not sure if this should be formatted differently.  I'm open to ideas!

* Completing testing/updates

Ran code through `black`, `flake8`, and `doctest`.  Added some type hints.

`doctest` is finicky on sets, so I had to sort and reformat as set to pass those tests.

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Nice.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Looks good

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Okay, this should work.  Thank you for the reminder on map(), filter(), reduce().

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

My IDE needs a spellchecker.  Or, lighter comment font.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

This means that `results = run(N)` should be updated to `results = run(n)`, correct?

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Looks good!

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update project_euler/problem_47/sol1.py

Works for me! I spent way too much time getting this to pass doctest, so any improvement is welcome.

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update sol1.py

Added some suggested changes from the pull request:
* Updated tests outputs in `unique_prime_factors` function.
* Changed `@lru_cache(maxsize=5)` to `@lru_cache(maxsize=None)`
* Removed duplicate `return` line in `equality` function
* Changed `i` to `base` in run function.
* Added some commentary to `run()` function.
* Replaced `group = list(map(lambda x: base + x, [i for i in range(n)]))` with `group = [base + i for i in range(n)]`

* Update sol1.py

* Trailing whitespace

* Update sol1.py

* Update __init__.py

* Update sol1.py

* Update __init__.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add url and typing hint for BFS (#2156)

* Add typing for bfs

* Add url for BFS

* rename the function

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/bfs.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Change the return value type of bfs

* change the function name.

change all instances of bfs() to breadth_first_search().

* change the function name in annotate

* Add one more blank line.

* Delete one blank line.

* Delete one blank line.

I've read the https://www.flake8rules.com/rules/W391.html, and still don't know how to do it. I've tried using 0 ,1,2 blank lines...

* Update graphs/bfs.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update graphs/bfs.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Rename bfs.py to breadth_first_search_2.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Only one carriage return (#2155)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* touch

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

* Update word_frequency_functions.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update word_frequency_functions.py

* Update lfu_cache.py

* Update sol1.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Added minimum cost path algorithm (#2135)

* Added maximum path sum for matrix (top left to bottom right)

* Changed maximum cost path to minimum cost path + added video explaination

* black fixes and Travis CI fixes (#2160)

* black format

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* fixes

* fixup! Format Python code with psf/black push

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Add round_robin scheduling algorithm (#2158)

* round_robin and priority cpu scheduling algorithms

* Delete priority_cpu_scheduling.py

* Delete round_robin_algorithm.py

* [add] cpu_scheduling_algorithms

* [add] Round robin cpu scheduling algorithm

* Update scheduling/round_robin_scheduling_algorithm.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update scheduling/round_robin.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update scheduling/round_robin_scheduling.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update scheduling/round_robin_scheduling.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update scheduling/round_robin.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Round_Robin

* Update round_robin.py

* Update round_robin.py

* Update round_robin.py

* Update round_robin.py

Co-authored-by: pawanbuddy <46370996+pawanbuddy@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Rename shortest_job_first_algorithm.py to shortest_job_first.py (#2164)

* Rename shortest_job_first_algorithm.py to shortest_job_first.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Minor tweek to round_robin.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update matrix_operation.py (#2159)

* Update matrix_operation.py

* Update matrix_operation.py

* Update matrix_operation.py

* use yapf to format the code

* recover the error check

* add typing hint

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* add float doctest

* black formated

* Update searching_in_sorted_matrix.py

* recover this file

* f-string, typing hint , doctest

* Update matrix_operation.py

* Update searching_in_sorted_matrix.py

* Update matrix_operation.py

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>

* black (#2166)

* black

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* flake8 error fix

* Remove unreachable code

* union

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* double_linear_search algorithm (#2161)

* linear search iterating from both array sides

* Update double_linear_search.py

* Update double_linear_search.py

* added doctests

* updated doctests

* Update double_linear_search.py

* Update double_linear_search.py

* added blank after >>>

* made all the requested changes

* Update double_linear_search.py

* Update double_linear_search.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Gale Shapley Algorithm (#2100)

* Gale Shapley Algorithm

Implementation of a Nobel prize-winning algorithm that determines a stable matching in a bipartite graph.

* Update graphs/gale_shapley_bigraph.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fixed some flake8 issues.

* Updated it to donors and recipients

* description changes

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* description changes

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* description changes

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Edited the line lengths

* Update gale_shapley_bigraph.py

* Update gale_shapley_bigraph.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* isort --profile black --recursive . (#2170)

* isort --profile black --recursive .

* Update codespell.yml

* typo: vertices

* typo: Explanation

* typo: Explanation

* Fix typos

* isort --profile black . (#2181)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* isort --profile black .

* Black after

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Numerous fixes to directed_and_undirected_(weighted)_graph.py (#2182)

* Numerous fixes to directed_and_undirected_(weighted)_graph.py

* dict.keys() is almost never need in modern Python

* Add surface area class (#2183)

* add surface area class

* add new line to end of file

* move surface area class into area class

* add missing import

* added pi import

* fix typo

* added blank line

* fixed more import issues

* comment fix

* comment fixes

* enhance the ability of add (#2178)

* enhance the ability of add

* Update matrix_operation.py

* Update matrix_operation.py

* Update matrix_operation.py

* Update matrix/matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Fix typo: Adjancent -> Adjacent (#2184)

* Add a missing "genetic algorithm" folder with a basic algorithm inside (#2179)

* Add a basic genetic algorithm

* Update basic_string.py

* Improve comments and readability

* Add url to wikipedia

* Remove newline

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Sort import

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Improve Comments and readability

* Update basic_string.py

* Improve logic and efficiency

* Add doctest

* Update basic_string.py

* Update basic_string.py

* Update basic_string.py

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update basic_string.py

* Update basic_string.py

* Update basic_string.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>

* Update decimal_to_binary.py (#2185)

"an Integer" instead of "a Integer"

* N queens math (#2175)

* add new file for another solution to the n queens problem

* Add the code for the algorithm, add comments and add at the top a general explanation

* Update backtracking/n_queens_math.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update backtracking/n_queens_math.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update backtracking/n_queens_math.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update backtracking/n_queens_math.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* No newline at the end of the file

* Type hints

* whitespaces fixed

* Fixed whitespaces

* Add type hints

* CodeSpell fixed

* update

* All changes made except changing the board variable to local

* Add doctest

* Update

* Update

* Update

* Update n_queens_math.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* sum_of_geometric_progression (#2168)

* Add files via upload

* Rename sum_of_Geometric_Progression.py to sum_of_geometric_progression.py

* Update sum_of_geometric_progression.py

* Update maths/sum_of_geometric_progression.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update maths/sum_of_geometric_progression.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update maths/sum_of_geometric_progression.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update sum_of_geometric_progression.py

* Update sum_of_geometric_progression.py

* Type hints and test for zeros and negative numbers

* Update sum_of_geometric_progression.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Added Normalization and Standardization Algorithms (#2192)

* Added Standardization and Normalization algorithms with built-in stats

* Implement ndigits for rounding

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* added daily horoscope scrapper script (#2167)

* added daily horoscope scrapper

* Update daily horoscope scrapper script

code refactoring, script editing

* Update web_programming/daily_horoscope.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update basic_graphs.py (#1990)

* Update basic_graphs.py

missing return statement line no:223.

* Update basic_graphs.py

Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>

* Added a binomial distribution formula calculator algorithm (#2197)

* Add files via upload

* Update binomial_distribution.py

* Update maths/binomial_distribution.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update binomial_distribution.py

* Update maths/binomial_distribution.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update binomial_distribution.py

* Update binomial_distribution.py

* Update binomial_distribution.py

* Update binomial_distribution.py

* Update binomial_distribution.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* black matrix_operation.py (#2199)

* black matrix_operation.py

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update matrix_operation.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: vinayak <itssvinayak@gmail.com>

* Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversions (#2188)

* added conversions between celsius and fahrenheit

* Renamed celsius_to_fahrenheit.py

* Fixed spelling issues

* modified file to fit the 88-character limit

* added changes to pass the travis-ci test

* further changed the files to pass the travis-ci test

* further changed the files to pass the travis-ci test

* Shortened conversions/fahrenheit_to_celsius.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Type hints added to conversions/fahrenheit_to_celsius.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* changed the code to let the caller do the printing

* addressed the changes made on github

* Added Kelvin conversions and put temperature functions in a single file

* Removed whitespace from a blank line

* Update temperature_conversions.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Add merge insertion sort (#2211)

* Add merge insertion sort

* Fix python naming conventions

* Add wikipedia link

* Add type hint

* Fix python to python3

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Refactor doubled process in if-condition into one outside of if-condition

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Refactor ma…