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	/**********************************************************************

	dir.c -

	$Author$
	created at: Wed Jan 5 09:51:01 JST 1994

	Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
	Copyright (C) 2000 Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc.
	Copyright (C) 2000 Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan

	**********************************************************************/

	#include "ruby/internal/config.h"

	#include <ctype.h>
	#include <errno.h>
	#include <sys/types.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>

	#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
	#include <unistd.h>
	#endif

	#ifndef O_CLOEXEC
	# define O_CLOEXEC 0
	#endif

	#ifndef USE_OPENDIR_AT
	# if defined(HAVE_FDOPENDIR) && defined(HAVE_DIRFD) && \
	defined(HAVE_OPENAT) && defined(HAVE_FSTATAT)
	# define USE_OPENDIR_AT 1
	# else
	# define USE_OPENDIR_AT 0
	# endif
	#endif

	#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
	# include <fcntl.h>
	#endif

	#undef HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN
	#if defined HAVE_DIRENT_H && !defined _WIN32
	# include <dirent.h>
	# define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
	#elif defined HAVE_DIRECT_H && !defined _WIN32
	# include <direct.h>
	# define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
	#else
	# define dirent direct
	# define NAMLEN(dirent) (dirent)->d_namlen
	# define HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN 1
	# if HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
	# include <sys/ndir.h>
	# endif
	# if HAVE_SYS_DIR_H
	# include <sys/dir.h>
	# endif
	# if HAVE_NDIR_H
	# include <ndir.h>
	# endif
	# ifdef _WIN32
	# include "win32/dir.h"
	# endif
	#endif

	#ifndef HAVE_STDLIB_H
	char *getenv();
	#endif

	#ifndef HAVE_STRING_H
	char strchr(char,char);
	#endif

	#ifdef HAVE_SYS_ATTR_H
	#include <sys/attr.h>
	#endif

	#define USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME 1 /* platform dependent APIs to
	* get real basenames */
	#define USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH 2 /* select the matching
	* basename by fnmatch */

	#ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
	# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
	# define RUP32(size) ((size)+3/4)
	# define SIZEUP32(type) RUP32(sizeof(type))
	#elif defined _WIN32
	# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
	#elif defined DOSISH
	# define USE_NAME_ON_FS USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
	#else
	# define USE_NAME_ON_FS 0
	#endif

	#ifdef __APPLE__
	# define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 1
	# include <sys/param.h>
	# include <sys/mount.h>
	# include <sys/vnode.h>
	#else
	# define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 0
	#endif

	#include "encindex.h"
	#include "id.h"
	#include "internal.h"
	#include "internal/array.h"
	#include "internal/dir.h"
	#include "internal/encoding.h"
	#include "internal/error.h"
	#include "internal/file.h"
	#include "internal/gc.h"
	#include "internal/io.h"
	#include "internal/vm.h"
	#include "ruby/encoding.h"
	#include "ruby/ruby.h"
	#include "ruby/thread.h"
	#include "ruby/util.h"
	#include "builtin.h"

	#ifndef AT_FDCWD
	# define AT_FDCWD -1
	#endif

	#define vm_initialized rb_cThread

	/* define system APIs */
	#ifdef _WIN32
	# undef chdir
	# define chdir(p) rb_w32_uchdir(p)
	# undef mkdir
	# define mkdir(p, m) rb_w32_umkdir((p), (m))
	# undef rmdir
	# define rmdir(p) rb_w32_urmdir(p)
	# undef opendir
	# define opendir(p) rb_w32_uopendir(p)
	# define ruby_getcwd() rb_w32_ugetcwd(NULL, 0)
	# define IS_WIN32 1
	#else
	# define IS_WIN32 0
	#endif

	#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
	# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST \|\| !defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST
	# define need_normalization(dirp, path) need_normalization(dirp)
	# else
	# define need_normalization(dirp, path) need_normalization(path)
	# endif
	static inline int
	need_normalization(DIR dirp, const char path)
	{
	# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST \|\| defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST
	u_int32_t attrbuf[SIZEUP32(fsobj_tag_t)];
	struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, ATTR_CMN_OBJTAG,};
	# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
	int ret = fgetattrlist(dirfd(dirp), &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), 0);
	# else
	int ret = getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), 0);
	# endif
	if (!ret) {
	const fsobj_tag_t tag = (void )(attrbuf+1);
	switch (*tag) {
	case VT_HFS:
	case VT_CIFS:
	return TRUE;
	}
	}
	# endif
	return FALSE;
	}

	static inline int
	has_nonascii(const char *ptr, size_t len)
	{
	while (len > 0) {
	if (!ISASCII(*ptr)) return 1;
	ptr++;
	--len;
	}
	return 0;
	}

	# define IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(something) something
	#else
	# define IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(something) /* nothing */
	#endif

	#ifndef IFTODT
	# define IFTODT(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) / ((~S_IFMT & (S_IFMT-1)) + 1))
	#endif

	typedef enum {
	#ifdef DT_UNKNOWN
	path_exist = DT_UNKNOWN,
	path_directory = DT_DIR,
	path_regular = DT_REG,
	path_symlink = DT_LNK,
	#else
	path_exist,
	path_directory = IFTODT(S_IFDIR),
	path_regular = IFTODT(S_IFREG),
	path_symlink = IFTODT(S_IFLNK),
	#endif
	path_noent = -1,
	path_unknown = -2
	} rb_pathtype_t;

	#define FNM_NOESCAPE 0x01
	#define FNM_PATHNAME 0x02
	#define FNM_DOTMATCH 0x04
	#define FNM_CASEFOLD 0x08
	#define FNM_EXTGLOB 0x10
	#if CASEFOLD_FILESYSTEM
	#define FNM_SYSCASE FNM_CASEFOLD
	#else
	#define FNM_SYSCASE 0
	#endif
	#if _WIN32
	#define FNM_SHORTNAME 0x20
	#else
	#define FNM_SHORTNAME 0
	#endif
	#define FNM_GLOB_NOSORT 0x40

	#define FNM_NOMATCH 1
	#define FNM_ERROR 2

	# define Next(p, e, enc) ((p)+ rb_enc_mbclen((p), (e), (enc)))
	# define Inc(p, e, enc) ((p) = Next((p), (e), (enc)))

	static char *
	bracket(
	const char p, / pattern (next to '[') */
	const char *pend,
	const char s, / string */
	const char *send,
	int flags,
	rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	const int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;
	const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
	unsigned int c1, c2;
	int r;
	int ok = 0, not = 0;

	if (p >= pend) return NULL;
	if (p == '!' \|\| p == '^') {
	not = 1;
	p++;
	}

	while (*p != ']') {
	const char *t1 = p;
	if (escape && *t1 == '\\')
	t1++;
	if (!*t1)
	return NULL;
	p = t1 + (r = rb_enc_mbclen(t1, pend, enc));
	if (p >= pend) return NULL;
	if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
	const char *t2 = p + 1;
	int r2;
	if (escape && *t2 == '\\')
	t2++;
	if (!*t2)
	return NULL;
	p = t2 + (r2 = rb_enc_mbclen(t2, pend, enc));
	if (ok) continue;
	if ((r <= (send-s) && memcmp(t1, s, r) == 0) \|\|
	(r2 <= (send-s) && memcmp(t2, s, r2) == 0)) {
	ok = 1;
	continue;
	}
	c1 = rb_enc_codepoint(s, send, enc);
	if (nocase) c1 = rb_enc_toupper(c1, enc);
	c2 = rb_enc_codepoint(t1, pend, enc);
	if (nocase) c2 = rb_enc_toupper(c2, enc);
	if (c1 < c2) continue;
	c2 = rb_enc_codepoint(t2, pend, enc);
	if (nocase) c2 = rb_enc_toupper(c2, enc);
	if (c1 > c2) continue;
	}
	else {
	if (ok) continue;
	if (r <= (send-s) && memcmp(t1, s, r) == 0) {
	ok = 1;
	continue;
	}
	if (!nocase) continue;
	c1 = rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(s, send, enc), enc);
	c2 = rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(p, pend, enc), enc);
	if (c1 != c2) continue;
	}
	ok = 1;
	}

	return ok == not ? NULL : (char *)p + 1;
	}

	/* If FNM_PATHNAME is set, only path element will be matched. (up to '/' or '\0')
	Otherwise, entire string will be matched.
	End marker itself won't be compared.
	And if function succeeds, *pcur reaches end marker.
	*/
	#define UNESCAPE(p) (escape && *(p) == '\\' ? (p) + 1 : (p))
	#define ISEND(p) (!(p) \|\| (pathname && (p) == '/'))
	#define RETURN(val) return pcur = p, scur = s, (val);

	static int
	fnmatch_helper(
	const char *pcur, / pattern */
	const char *scur, / string */
	int flags,
	rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	const int period = !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH);
	const int pathname = flags & FNM_PATHNAME;
	const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
	const int nocase = flags & FNM_CASEFOLD;

	const char *ptmp = 0;
	const char *stmp = 0;

	const char p = pcur;
	const char *pend = p + strlen(p);
	const char s = scur;
	const char *send = s + strlen(s);

	int r;

	if (period && s == '.' && UNESCAPE(p) != '.') /* leading period */
	RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);

	while (1) {
	switch (*p) {
	case '*':
	do { p++; } while (p == '');
	if (ISEND(UNESCAPE(p))) {
	p = UNESCAPE(p);
	RETURN(0);
	}
	if (ISEND(s))
	RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
	ptmp = p;
	stmp = s;
	continue;

	case '?':
	if (ISEND(s))
	RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
	p++;
	Inc(s, send, enc);
	continue;

	case '[': {
	const char *t;
	if (ISEND(s))
	RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
	if ((t = bracket(p + 1, pend, s, send, flags, enc)) != 0) {
	p = t;
	Inc(s, send, enc);
	continue;
	}
	goto failed;
	}
	}

	/* ordinary */
	p = UNESCAPE(p);
	if (ISEND(s))
	RETURN(ISEND(p) ? 0 : FNM_NOMATCH);
	if (ISEND(p))
	goto failed;
	r = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, pend, enc);
	if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(r))
	goto failed;
	if (r <= (send-s) && memcmp(p, s, r) == 0) {
	p += r;
	s += r;
	continue;
	}
	if (!nocase) goto failed;
	if (rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(p, pend, enc), enc) !=
	rb_enc_toupper(rb_enc_codepoint(s, send, enc), enc))
	goto failed;
	p += r;
	Inc(s, send, enc);
	continue;

	failed: /* try next '' position /
	if (ptmp && stmp) {
	p = ptmp;
	Inc(stmp, send, enc); /* !ISEND(stmp) /
	s = stmp;
	continue;
	}
	RETURN(FNM_NOMATCH);
	}
	}

	static int
	fnmatch(
	const char *pattern,
	rb_encoding *enc,
	const char *string,
	int flags)
	{
	const char *p = pattern;
	const char *s = string;
	const char *send = s + strlen(string);
	const int period = !(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH);
	const int pathname = flags & FNM_PATHNAME;

	const char *ptmp = 0;
	const char *stmp = 0;

	if (pathname) {
	while (1) {
	if (p[0] == '' && p[1] == '' && p[2] == '/') {
	do { p += 3; } while (p[0] == '' && p[1] == '' && p[2] == '/');
	ptmp = p;
	stmp = s;
	}
	if (fnmatch_helper(&p, &s, flags, enc) == 0) {
	while (s && s != '/') Inc(s, send, enc);
	if (p && s) {
	p++;
	s++;
	continue;
	}
	if (!p && !s)
	return 0;
	}
	/* failed : try next recursion */
	if (ptmp && stmp && !(period && *stmp == '.')) {
	while (stmp && stmp != '/') Inc(stmp, send, enc);
	if (*stmp) {
	p = ptmp;
	stmp++;
	s = stmp;
	continue;
	}
	}
	return FNM_NOMATCH;
	}
	}
	else
	return fnmatch_helper(&p, &s, flags, enc);
	}

	VALUE rb_cDir;

	struct dir_data {
	DIR *dir;
	const VALUE path;
	rb_encoding *enc;
	};

	static void
	dir_mark(void *ptr)
	{
	struct dir_data *dir = ptr;
	rb_gc_mark(dir->path);
	}

	static void
	dir_free(void *ptr)
	{
	struct dir_data *dir = ptr;

	if (dir->dir) closedir(dir->dir);
	xfree(dir);
	}

	static size_t
	dir_memsize(const void *ptr)
	{
	return sizeof(struct dir_data);
	}

	static const rb_data_type_t dir_data_type = {
	"dir",
	{dir_mark, dir_free, dir_memsize,},
	0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED \| RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
	};

	static VALUE dir_close(VALUE);

	static VALUE
	dir_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;
	VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);

	dirp->dir = NULL;
	RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &dirp->path, Qnil);
	dirp->enc = NULL;

	return obj;
	}

	static void *
	nogvl_opendir(void *ptr)
	{
	const char *path = ptr;

	return (void *)opendir(path);
	}

	static DIR *
	opendir_without_gvl(const char *path)
	{
	if (vm_initialized) {
	union { const void in; void out; } u;

	u.in = path;

	return rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_opendir, u.out, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
	}
	else
	return opendir(path);
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_initialize(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE dir, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
	{
	struct dir_data *dp;
	VALUE orig;
	const char *path;
	rb_encoding *fsenc = NIL_P(enc) ? rb_filesystem_encoding() : rb_to_encoding(enc);

	FilePathValue(dirname);
	orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
	dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
	dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);

	TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);
	if (dp->dir) closedir(dp->dir);
	dp->dir = NULL;
	RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, Qnil);
	dp->enc = fsenc;
	path = RSTRING_PTR(dirname);
	dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
	if (dp->dir == NULL) {
	int e = errno;
	if (rb_gc_for_fd(e)) {
	dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
	}
	#ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
	else if (e == EIO) {
	u_int32_t attrbuf[1];
	struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0};
	if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW) == 0) {
	dp->dir = opendir_without_gvl(path);
	}
	}
	#endif
	if (dp->dir == NULL) {
	RB_GC_GUARD(dirname);
	rb_syserr_fail_path(e, orig);
	}
	}
	RB_OBJ_WRITE(dir, &dp->path, orig);

	return dir;
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_s_open(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dirname, VALUE enc)
	{
	struct dir_data *dp;
	VALUE dir = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dp);

	dir_initialize(ec, dir, dirname, enc);

	return dir;
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_s_close(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE dir)
	{
	return dir_close(dir);
	}

	NORETURN(static void dir_closed(void));

	static void
	dir_closed(void)
	{
	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "closed directory");
	}

	static struct dir_data *
	dir_get(VALUE dir)
	{
	rb_check_frozen(dir);
	return rb_check_typeddata(dir, &dir_data_type);
	}

	static struct dir_data *
	dir_check(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp = dir_get(dir);
	if (!dirp->dir) dir_closed();
	return dirp;
	}

	#define GetDIR(obj, dirp) ((dirp) = dir_check(obj))


	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.inspect -> string
	*
	* Return a string describing this Dir object.
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_inspect(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;

	TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);
	if (!NIL_P(dirp->path)) {
	VALUE str = rb_str_new_cstr("#<");
	rb_str_append(str, rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(dir)));
	rb_str_cat2(str, ":");
	rb_str_append(str, dirp->path);
	rb_str_cat2(str, ">");
	return str;
	}
	return rb_funcallv(dir, idTo_s, 0, 0);
	}

	/* Workaround for Solaris 10 that does not have dirfd.
	Note: Solaris 11 (POSIX.1-2008 compliant) has dirfd(3C).
	*/
	#if defined(__sun) && !defined(HAVE_DIRFD)
	# if defined(HAVE_DIR_D_FD)
	# define dirfd(x) ((x)->d_fd)
	# define HAVE_DIRFD 1
	# elif defined(HAVE_DIR_DD_FD)
	# define dirfd(x) ((x)->dd_fd)
	# define HAVE_DIRFD 1
	# endif
	#endif

	#ifdef HAVE_DIRFD
	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.fileno -> integer
	*
	* Returns the file descriptor used in <em>dir</em>.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("..")
	* d.fileno #=> 8
	*
	* This method uses dirfd() function defined by POSIX 2008.
	* NotImplementedError is raised on other platforms, such as Windows,
	* which doesn't provide the function.
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_fileno(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;
	int fd;

	GetDIR(dir, dirp);
	fd = dirfd(dirp->dir);
	if (fd == -1)
	rb_sys_fail("dirfd");
	return INT2NUM(fd);
	}
	#else
	#define dir_fileno rb_f_notimplement
	#endif

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.path -> string or nil
	* dir.to_path -> string or nil
	*
	* Returns the path parameter passed to <em>dir</em>'s constructor.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("..")
	* d.path #=> ".."
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_path(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;

	TypedData_Get_Struct(dir, struct dir_data, &dir_data_type, dirp);
	if (NIL_P(dirp->path)) return Qnil;
	return rb_str_dup(dirp->path);
	}

	#if defined _WIN32
	static int
	fundamental_encoding_p(rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	switch (rb_enc_to_index(enc)) {
	case ENCINDEX_ASCII:
	case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
	case ENCINDEX_UTF_8:
	return TRUE;
	default:
	return FALSE;
	}
	}
	# define READDIR(dir, enc) rb_w32_readdir((dir), (enc))
	#else
	# define READDIR(dir, enc) readdir((dir))
	#endif

	/* safe to use without GVL */
	static int
	to_be_skipped(const struct dirent *dp)
	{
	const char *name = dp->d_name;
	if (name[0] != '.') return FALSE;
	#ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_NAMLEN
	switch (NAMLEN(dp)) {
	case 2:
	if (name[1] != '.') return FALSE;
	case 1:
	return TRUE;
	default:
	break;
	}
	#else
	if (!name[1]) return TRUE;
	if (name[1] != '.') return FALSE;
	if (!name[2]) return TRUE;
	#endif
	return FALSE;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.read -> string or nil
	*
	* Reads the next entry from <em>dir</em> and returns it as a string.
	* Returns <code>nil</code> at the end of the stream.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir")
	* d.read #=> "."
	* d.read #=> ".."
	* d.read #=> "config.h"
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_read(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;
	struct dirent *dp;

	GetDIR(dir, dirp);
	errno = 0;
	if ((dp = READDIR(dirp->dir, dirp->enc)) != NULL) {
	return rb_external_str_new_with_enc(dp->d_name, NAMLEN(dp), dirp->enc);
	}
	else {
	int e = errno;
	if (e != 0) rb_syserr_fail(e, 0);
	return Qnil; /* end of stream */
	}
	}

	static VALUE dir_each_entry(VALUE, VALUE (*)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE, int);

	static VALUE
	dir_yield(VALUE arg, VALUE path)
	{
	return rb_yield(path);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.each { \|filename\| block } -> dir
	* dir.each -> an_enumerator
	*
	* Calls the block once for each entry in this directory, passing the
	* filename of each entry as a parameter to the block.
	*
	* If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir")
	* d.each {\|x\| puts "Got #{x}" }
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* Got .
	* Got ..
	* Got config.h
	* Got main.rb
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_each(VALUE dir)
	{
	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
	return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, FALSE);
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_each_entry(VALUE dir, VALUE (*each)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE arg, int children_only)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;
	struct dirent *dp;
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(int norm_p);

	GetDIR(dir, dirp);
	rewinddir(dirp->dir);
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp->dir, RSTRING_PTR(dirp->path)));
	while ((dp = READDIR(dirp->dir, dirp->enc)) != NULL) {
	const char *name = dp->d_name;
	size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
	VALUE path;

	if (children_only && name[0] == '.') {
	if (namlen == 1) continue; /* current directory */
	if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') continue; /* parent directory */
	}
	#if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
	if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen) &&
	!NIL_P(path = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
	path = rb_external_str_with_enc(path, dirp->enc);
	}
	else
	#endif
	path = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(name, namlen, dirp->enc);
	(*each)(arg, path);
	}
	return dir;
	}

	#ifdef HAVE_TELLDIR
	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.pos -> integer
	* dir.tell -> integer
	*
	* Returns the current position in <em>dir</em>. See also Dir#seek.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir")
	* d.tell #=> 0
	* d.read #=> "."
	* d.tell #=> 12
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_tell(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;
	long pos;

	GetDIR(dir, dirp);
	pos = telldir(dirp->dir);
	return rb_int2inum(pos);
	}
	#else
	#define dir_tell rb_f_notimplement
	#endif

	#ifdef HAVE_SEEKDIR
	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.seek( integer ) -> dir
	*
	* Seeks to a particular location in <em>dir</em>. <i>integer</i>
	* must be a value returned by Dir#tell.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir") #=> #<Dir:0x401b3c40>
	* d.read #=> "."
	* i = d.tell #=> 12
	* d.read #=> ".."
	* d.seek(i) #=> #<Dir:0x401b3c40>
	* d.read #=> ".."
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_seek(VALUE dir, VALUE pos)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;
	long p = NUM2LONG(pos);

	GetDIR(dir, dirp);
	seekdir(dirp->dir, p);
	return dir;
	}
	#else
	#define dir_seek rb_f_notimplement
	#endif

	#ifdef HAVE_SEEKDIR
	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.pos = integer -> integer
	*
	* Synonym for Dir#seek, but returns the position parameter.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir") #=> #<Dir:0x401b3c40>
	* d.read #=> "."
	* i = d.pos #=> 12
	* d.read #=> ".."
	* d.pos = i #=> 12
	* d.read #=> ".."
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_set_pos(VALUE dir, VALUE pos)
	{
	dir_seek(dir, pos);
	return pos;
	}
	#else
	#define dir_set_pos rb_f_notimplement
	#endif

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.rewind -> dir
	*
	* Repositions <em>dir</em> to the first entry.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir")
	* d.read #=> "."
	* d.rewind #=> #<Dir:0x401b3fb0>
	* d.read #=> "."
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_rewind(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;

	GetDIR(dir, dirp);
	rewinddir(dirp->dir);
	return dir;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.close -> nil
	*
	* Closes the directory stream.
	* Calling this method on closed Dir object is ignored since Ruby 2.3.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir")
	* d.close #=> nil
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_close(VALUE dir)
	{
	struct dir_data *dirp;

	dirp = dir_get(dir);
	if (!dirp->dir) return Qnil;
	closedir(dirp->dir);
	dirp->dir = NULL;

	return Qnil;
	}

	static void *
	nogvl_chdir(void *ptr)
	{
	const char *path = ptr;

	return (void *)(VALUE)chdir(path);
	}

	static void
	dir_chdir(VALUE path)
	{
	if (chdir(RSTRING_PTR(path)) < 0)
	rb_sys_fail_path(path);
	}

	static int chdir_blocking = 0;
	static VALUE chdir_thread = Qnil;

	struct chdir_data {
	VALUE old_path, new_path;
	int done;
	};

	static VALUE
	chdir_yield(VALUE v)
	{
	struct chdir_data args = (void )v;
	dir_chdir(args->new_path);
	args->done = TRUE;
	chdir_blocking++;
	if (chdir_thread == Qnil)
	chdir_thread = rb_thread_current();
	return rb_yield(args->new_path);
	}

	static VALUE
	chdir_restore(VALUE v)
	{
	struct chdir_data args = (void )v;
	if (args->done) {
	chdir_blocking--;
	if (chdir_blocking == 0)
	chdir_thread = Qnil;
	dir_chdir(args->old_path);
	}
	return Qnil;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.chdir( [ string] ) -> 0
	* Dir.chdir( [ string] ) {\| path \| block } -> anObject
	*
	* Changes the current working directory of the process to the given
	* string. When called without an argument, changes the directory to
	* the value of the environment variable <code>HOME</code>, or
	* <code>LOGDIR</code>. SystemCallError (probably Errno::ENOENT) if
	* the target directory does not exist.
	*
	* If a block is given, it is passed the name of the new current
	* directory, and the block is executed with that as the current
	* directory. The original working directory is restored when the block
	* exits. The return value of <code>chdir</code> is the value of the
	* block. <code>chdir</code> blocks can be nested, but in a
	* multi-threaded program an error will be raised if a thread attempts
	* to open a <code>chdir</code> block while another thread has one
	* open or a call to <code>chdir</code> without a block occurs inside
	* a block passed to <code>chdir</code> (even in the same thread).
	*
	* Dir.chdir("/var/spool/mail")
	* puts Dir.pwd
	* Dir.chdir("/tmp") do
	* puts Dir.pwd
	* Dir.chdir("/usr") do
	* puts Dir.pwd
	* end
	* puts Dir.pwd
	* end
	* puts Dir.pwd
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* /var/spool/mail
	* /tmp
	* /usr
	* /tmp
	* /var/spool/mail
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_chdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
	{
	VALUE path = Qnil;

	if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 1) {
	path = rb_str_encode_ospath(rb_get_path(argv[0]));
	}
	else {
	const char *dist = getenv("HOME");
	if (!dist) {
	dist = getenv("LOGDIR");
	if (!dist) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "HOME/LOGDIR not set");
	}
	path = rb_str_new2(dist);
	}

	if (chdir_blocking > 0) {
	if (rb_thread_current() != chdir_thread)
	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
	if (!rb_block_given_p())
	rb_warn("conflicting chdir during another chdir block");
	}

	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
	struct chdir_data args;

	args.old_path = rb_str_encode_ospath(rb_dir_getwd());
	args.new_path = path;
	args.done = FALSE;
	return rb_ensure(chdir_yield, (VALUE)&args, chdir_restore, (VALUE)&args);
	}
	else {
	char *p = RSTRING_PTR(path);
	int r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_chdir, p,
	RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
	if (r < 0)
	rb_sys_fail_path(path);
	}

	return INT2FIX(0);
	}

	#ifndef _WIN32
	VALUE
	rb_dir_getwd_ospath(void)
	{
	char *path;
	VALUE cwd;
	VALUE path_guard;

	#undef RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING
	#define RUBY_UNTYPED_DATA_WARNING 0
	path_guard = Data_Wrap_Struct((VALUE)0, NULL, RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE, NULL);
	path = ruby_getcwd();
	DATA_PTR(path_guard) = path;
	#ifdef __APPLE__
	cwd = rb_str_normalize_ospath(path, strlen(path));
	#else
	cwd = rb_str_new2(path);
	#endif
	DATA_PTR(path_guard) = 0;

	xfree(path);
	return cwd;
	}
	#endif

	VALUE
	rb_dir_getwd(void)
	{
	rb_encoding *fs = rb_filesystem_encoding();
	int fsenc = rb_enc_to_index(fs);
	VALUE cwd = rb_dir_getwd_ospath();

	switch (fsenc) {
	case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII:
	fsenc = ENCINDEX_ASCII;
	case ENCINDEX_ASCII:
	break;
	#if defined _WIN32 \|\| defined __APPLE__
	default:
	return rb_str_conv_enc(cwd, NULL, fs);
	#endif
	}
	return rb_enc_associate_index(cwd, fsenc);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.getwd -> string
	* Dir.pwd -> string
	*
	* Returns the path to the current working directory of this process as
	* a string.
	*
	* Dir.chdir("/tmp") #=> 0
	* Dir.getwd #=> "/tmp"
	* Dir.pwd #=> "/tmp"
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_getwd(VALUE dir)
	{
	return rb_dir_getwd();
	}

	static VALUE
	check_dirname(VALUE dir)
	{
	VALUE d = dir;
	char path, pend;
	long len;
	rb_encoding *enc;

	FilePathValue(d);
	enc = rb_enc_get(d);
	RSTRING_GETMEM(d, path, len);
	pend = path + len;
	pend = rb_enc_path_end(rb_enc_path_skip_prefix(path, pend, enc), pend, enc);
	if (pend - path < len) {
	d = rb_str_subseq(d, 0, pend - path);
	StringValueCStr(d);
	}
	return rb_str_encode_ospath(d);
	}

	#if defined(HAVE_CHROOT)
	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.chroot( string ) -> 0
	*
	* Changes this process's idea of the file system root. Only a
	* privileged process may make this call. Not available on all
	* platforms. On Unix systems, see <code>chroot(2)</code> for more
	* information.
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_chroot(VALUE dir, VALUE path)
	{
	path = check_dirname(path);
	if (chroot(RSTRING_PTR(path)) == -1)
	rb_sys_fail_path(path);

	return INT2FIX(0);
	}
	#else
	#define dir_s_chroot rb_f_notimplement
	#endif

	struct mkdir_arg {
	const char *path;
	mode_t mode;
	};

	static void *
	nogvl_mkdir(void *ptr)
	{
	struct mkdir_arg *m = ptr;

	return (void *)(VALUE)mkdir(m->path, m->mode);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.mkdir( string [, integer] ) -> 0
	*
	* Makes a new directory named by <i>string</i>, with permissions
	* specified by the optional parameter <i>anInteger</i>. The
	* permissions may be modified by the value of File::umask, and are
	* ignored on NT. Raises a SystemCallError if the directory cannot be
	* created. See also the discussion of permissions in the class
	* documentation for File.
	*
	* Dir.mkdir(File.join(Dir.home, ".foo"), 0700) #=> 0
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_mkdir(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
	{
	struct mkdir_arg m;
	VALUE path, vmode;
	int r;

	if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &path, &vmode) == 2) {
	m.mode = NUM2MODET(vmode);
	}
	else {
	m.mode = 0777;
	}

	path = check_dirname(path);
	m.path = RSTRING_PTR(path);
	r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_mkdir, &m, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
	if (r < 0)
	rb_sys_fail_path(path);

	return INT2FIX(0);
	}

	static void *
	nogvl_rmdir(void *ptr)
	{
	const char *path = ptr;

	return (void *)(VALUE)rmdir(path);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.delete( string ) -> 0
	* Dir.rmdir( string ) -> 0
	* Dir.unlink( string ) -> 0
	*
	* Deletes the named directory. Raises a subclass of SystemCallError
	* if the directory isn't empty.
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_rmdir(VALUE obj, VALUE dir)
	{
	const char *p;
	int r;

	dir = check_dirname(dir);
	p = RSTRING_PTR(dir);
	r = (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_rmdir, (void *)p, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
	if (r < 0)
	rb_sys_fail_path(dir);

	return INT2FIX(0);
	}

	struct warning_args {
	#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
	const char *func;
	#endif
	const char *mesg;
	rb_encoding *enc;
	};

	#ifndef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
	#define sys_enc_warning_in(func, mesg, enc) sys_enc_warning(mesg, enc)
	#endif

	static VALUE
	sys_warning_1(VALUE mesg)
	{
	const struct warning_args arg = (struct warning_args )mesg;
	#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
	rb_sys_enc_warning(arg->enc, "%s: %s", arg->func, arg->mesg);
	#else
	rb_sys_enc_warning(arg->enc, "%s", arg->mesg);
	#endif
	return Qnil;
	}

	static void
	sys_enc_warning_in(const char func, const char mesg, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	struct warning_args arg;
	#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
	arg.func = func;
	#endif
	arg.mesg = mesg;
	arg.enc = enc;
	rb_protect(sys_warning_1, (VALUE)&arg, 0);
	}

	#define GLOB_VERBOSE (1U << (sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT - 1))
	#define sys_warning(val, enc) \
	((flags & GLOB_VERBOSE) ? sys_enc_warning_in(RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING, (val), (enc)) :(void)0)

	static inline size_t
	glob_alloc_size(size_t x, size_t y)
	{
	size_t z;
	if (rb_mul_size_overflow(x, y, SSIZE_MAX, &z)) {
	rb_memerror(); /* or...? */
	}
	else {
	return z;
	}
	}

	static inline void *
	glob_alloc_n(size_t x, size_t y)
	{
	return malloc(glob_alloc_size(x, y));
	}

	static inline void *
	glob_realloc_n(void *p, size_t x, size_t y)
	{
	return realloc(p, glob_alloc_size(x, y));
	}

	#define GLOB_ALLOC(type) ((type *)malloc(sizeof(type)))
	#define GLOB_ALLOC_N(type, n) ((type *)glob_alloc_n(sizeof(type), n))
	#define GLOB_REALLOC(ptr, size) realloc((ptr), (size))
	#define GLOB_REALLOC_N(ptr, n) glob_realloc_n(ptr, sizeof(*(ptr)), n)
	#define GLOB_FREE(ptr) free(ptr)
	#define GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status) (((status) == -1) ? rb_memerror() : rb_jump_tag(status))

	/*
	* ENOTDIR can be returned by stat(2) if a non-leaf element of the path
	* is not a directory.
	*/
	ALWAYS_INLINE(static int to_be_ignored(int e));
	static inline int
	to_be_ignored(int e)
	{
	return e == ENOENT \|\| e == ENOTDIR;
	}

	#ifdef _WIN32
	#define STAT(p, s) rb_w32_ustati128((p), (s))
	#undef lstat
	#define lstat(p, s) rb_w32_ulstati128((p), (s))
	#else
	#define STAT(p, s) stat((p), (s))
	#endif

	typedef int ruby_glob_errfunc(const char, VALUE, const void, int);
	typedef struct {
	ruby_glob_func *match;
	ruby_glob_errfunc *error;
	} ruby_glob_funcs_t;

	static const char *
	at_subpath(int fd, size_t baselen, const char *path)
	{
	#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
	if (fd != (int)AT_FDCWD && baselen > 0) {
	path += baselen;
	if (*path == '/') ++path;
	}
	#endif
	return *path ? path : ".";
	}

	/* System call with warning */
	static int
	do_stat(int fd, size_t baselen, const char path, struct stat pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
	int ret = fstatat(fd, at_subpath(fd, baselen, path), pst, 0);
	#else
	int ret = STAT(path, pst);
	#endif
	if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
	sys_warning(path, enc);

	return ret;
	}

	#if defined HAVE_LSTAT \|\| defined lstat \|\| USE_OPENDIR_AT
	static int
	do_lstat(int fd, size_t baselen, const char path, struct stat pst, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
	int ret = fstatat(fd, at_subpath(fd, baselen, path), pst, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
	#else
	int ret = lstat(path, pst);
	#endif
	if (ret < 0 && !to_be_ignored(errno))
	sys_warning(path, enc);

	return ret;
	}
	#else
	#define do_lstat do_stat
	#endif

	struct opendir_at_arg {
	int basefd;
	const char *path;
	};

	static void *
	with_gvl_gc_for_fd(void *ptr)
	{
	int *e = ptr;

	return (void )(rb_gc_for_fd(e) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
	}

	static int
	gc_for_fd_with_gvl(int e)
	{
	if (vm_initialized)
	return (int)(VALUE)rb_thread_call_with_gvl(with_gvl_gc_for_fd, &e);
	else
	return rb_gc_for_fd(e) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
	}

	static void *
	nogvl_opendir_at(void *ptr)
	{
	const struct opendir_at_arg *oaa = ptr;
	DIR *dirp;

	#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
	const int opendir_flags = (O_RDONLY\|O_CLOEXEC\|
	# ifdef O_DIRECTORY
	O_DIRECTORY\|
	# endif /* O_DIRECTORY */
	0);
	int fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);

	dirp = fd >= 0 ? fdopendir(fd) : 0;
	if (!dirp) {
	int e = errno;

	switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
	default:
	if (fd < 0) fd = openat(oaa->basefd, oaa->path, opendir_flags);
	if (fd >= 0) dirp = fdopendir(fd);
	if (dirp) return dirp;

	e = errno;
	/* fallthrough*/
	case 0:
	if (fd >= 0) close(fd);
	errno = e;
	}
	}
	#else /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */
	dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
	if (!dirp && gc_for_fd_with_gvl(errno))
	dirp = opendir(oaa->path);
	#endif /* !USE_OPENDIR_AT */

	return dirp;
	}

	static DIR *
	opendir_at(int basefd, const char *path)
	{
	struct opendir_at_arg oaa;

	oaa.basefd = basefd;
	oaa.path = path;

	if (vm_initialized)
	return rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_opendir_at, &oaa, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
	else
	return nogvl_opendir_at(&oaa);
	}

	static DIR *
	do_opendir(const int basefd, size_t baselen, const char path, int flags, rb_encoding enc,
	ruby_glob_errfunc errfunc, VALUE arg, int status)
	{
	DIR *dirp;
	#ifdef _WIN32
	VALUE tmp = 0;
	if (!fundamental_encoding_p(enc)) {
	tmp = rb_enc_str_new(path, strlen(path), enc);
	tmp = rb_str_encode_ospath(tmp);
	path = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
	}
	#endif
	dirp = opendir_at(basefd, at_subpath(basefd, baselen, path));
	if (!dirp) {
	int e = errno;

	*status = 0;
	if (!to_be_ignored(e)) {
	if (errfunc) {
	status = (errfunc)(path, arg, enc, e);
	}
	else {
	sys_warning(path, enc);
	}
	}
	}
	#ifdef _WIN32
	if (tmp) rb_str_resize(tmp, 0); /* GC guard */
	#endif

	return dirp;
	}

	/* Globing pattern */
	enum glob_pattern_type { PLAIN, ALPHA, BRACE, MAGICAL, RECURSIVE, MATCH_ALL, MATCH_DIR };

	/* Return nonzero if S has any special globbing chars in it. */
	static enum glob_pattern_type
	has_magic(const char p, const char pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
	int hasalpha = 0;
	int hasmagical = 0;

	register char c;

	while (p < pend && (c = *p++) != 0) {
	switch (c) {
	case '{':
	return BRACE;

	case '*':
	case '?':
	case '[':
	hasmagical = 1;
	break;

	case '\\':
	if (escape && p++ >= pend)
	continue;
	break;

	#ifdef _WIN32
	case '.':
	break;

	case '~':
	hasalpha = 1;
	break;
	#endif
	default:
	if (IS_WIN32 \|\| ISALPHA(c)) {
	hasalpha = 1;
	}
	break;
	}

	p = Next(p-1, pend, enc);
	}

	return hasmagical ? MAGICAL : hasalpha ? ALPHA : PLAIN;
	}

	/* Find separator in globbing pattern. */
	static char *
	find_dirsep(const char p, const char pend, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);

	register char c;
	int open = 0;

	while ((c = *p++) != 0) {
	switch (c) {
	case '[':
	open = 1;
	continue;
	case ']':
	open = 0;
	continue;

	case '{':
	open = 1;
	continue;
	case '}':
	open = 0;
	continue;

	case '/':
	if (!open)
	return (char *)p-1;
	continue;

	case '\\':
	if (escape && !(c = *p++))
	return (char *)p-1;
	continue;
	}

	p = Next(p-1, pend, enc);
	}

	return (char *)p-1;
	}

	/* Remove escaping backslashes */
	static char *
	remove_backslashes(char p, register const char pend, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	char *t = p;
	char *s = p;

	while (*p) {
	if (*p == '\\') {
	if (t != s)
	memmove(t, s, p - s);
	t += p - s;
	s = ++p;
	if (!*p) break;
	}
	Inc(p, pend, enc);
	}

	while (*p++);

	if (t != s)
	memmove(t, s, p - s); /* move '\0' too */

	return p;
	}

	struct glob_pattern {
	char *str;
	enum glob_pattern_type type;
	struct glob_pattern *next;
	};

	static void glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list);

	static struct glob_pattern *
	glob_make_pattern(const char p, const char e, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	struct glob_pattern list, tmp, **tail = &list;
	int dirsep = 0; /* pattern is terminated with '/' */
	int recursive = 0;

	while (p < e && *p) {
	tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
	if (!tmp) goto error;
	if (p + 2 < e && p[0] == '' && p[1] == '' && p[2] == '/') {
	/* fold continuous RECURSIVEs (needed in glob_helper) */
	do { p += 3; while (p == '/') p++; } while (p[0] == '' && p[1] == '*' && p[2] == '/');
	tmp->type = RECURSIVE;
	tmp->str = 0;
	dirsep = 1;
	recursive = 1;
	}
	else {
	const char *m = find_dirsep(p, e, flags, enc);
	const enum glob_pattern_type magic = has_magic(p, m, flags, enc);
	const enum glob_pattern_type non_magic = (USE_NAME_ON_FS \|\| FNM_SYSCASE) ? PLAIN : ALPHA;
	char *buf;

	if (!(FNM_SYSCASE \|\| magic > non_magic) && !recursive && *m) {
	const char *m2;
	while (has_magic(m+1, m2 = find_dirsep(m+1, e, flags, enc), flags, enc) <= non_magic &&
	*m2) {
	m = m2;
	}
	}
	buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, m-p+1);
	if (!buf) {
	GLOB_FREE(tmp);
	goto error;
	}
	memcpy(buf, p, m-p);
	buf[m-p] = '\0';
	tmp->type = magic > MAGICAL ? MAGICAL : magic > non_magic ? magic : PLAIN;
	tmp->str = buf;
	if (*m) {
	dirsep = 1;
	p = m + 1;
	}
	else {
	dirsep = 0;
	p = m;
	}
	}
	*tail = tmp;
	tail = &tmp->next;
	}

	tmp = GLOB_ALLOC(struct glob_pattern);
	if (!tmp) {
	goto error;
	}
	tmp->type = dirsep ? MATCH_DIR : MATCH_ALL;
	tmp->str = 0;
	*tail = tmp;
	tmp->next = 0;

	return list;

	error:
	*tail = 0;
	glob_free_pattern(list);
	return 0;
	}

	static void
	glob_free_pattern(struct glob_pattern *list)
	{
	while (list) {
	struct glob_pattern *tmp = list;
	list = list->next;
	if (tmp->str)
	GLOB_FREE(tmp->str);
	GLOB_FREE(tmp);
	}
	}

	static char *
	join_path(const char path, size_t len, int dirsep, const char name, size_t namlen)
	{
	char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len+namlen+(dirsep?1:0)+1);

	if (!buf) return 0;
	memcpy(buf, path, len);
	if (dirsep) {
	buf[len++] = '/';
	}
	memcpy(buf+len, name, namlen);
	buf[len+namlen] = '\0';
	return buf;
	}

	#ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
	# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
	# define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(dirp)
	# else
	# define is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) is_case_sensitive(path)
	# endif
	static int
	is_case_sensitive(DIR dirp, const char path)
	{
	struct {
	u_int32_t length;
	vol_capabilities_attr_t cap[1];
	} __attribute__((aligned(4), packed)) attrbuf[1];
	struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, 0, ATTR_VOL_INFO\|ATTR_VOL_CAPABILITIES};
	const vol_capabilities_attr_t *const cap = attrbuf[0].cap;
	const int idx = VOL_CAPABILITIES_FORMAT;
	const uint32_t mask = VOL_CAP_FMT_CASE_SENSITIVE;

	# if defined HAVE_FGETATTRLIST
	if (fgetattrlist(dirfd(dirp), &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW))
	return -1;
	# else
	if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW))
	return -1;
	# endif
	if (!(cap->valid[idx] & mask))
	return -1;
	return (cap->capabilities[idx] & mask) != 0;
	}

	static char *
	replace_real_basename(char path, long base, rb_encoding enc, int norm_p, int flags, rb_pathtype_t *type)
	{
	struct {
	u_int32_t length;
	attrreference_t ref[1];
	fsobj_type_t objtype;
	char path[MAXPATHLEN * 3];
	} __attribute__((aligned(4), packed)) attrbuf[1];
	struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, ATTR_CMN_NAME\|ATTR_CMN_OBJTYPE};
	const attrreference_t *const ar = attrbuf[0].ref;
	const char *name;
	long len;
	char *tmp;
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(VALUE utf8str = Qnil);

	*type = path_noent;
	if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), FSOPT_NOFOLLOW)) {
	if (!to_be_ignored(errno))
	sys_warning(path, enc);
	return path;
	}

	switch (attrbuf[0].objtype) {
	case VREG: *type = path_regular; break;
	case VDIR: *type = path_directory; break;
	case VLNK: *type = path_symlink; break;
	default: *type = path_exist; break;
	}
	name = (char *)ar + ar->attr_dataoffset;
	len = (long)ar->attr_length - 1;
	if (name + len > (char *)attrbuf + sizeof(attrbuf))
	return path;

	# if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
	if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, len)) {
	if (!NIL_P(utf8str = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, len))) {
	RSTRING_GETMEM(utf8str, name, len);
	}
	}
	# endif

	tmp = GLOB_REALLOC(path, base + len + 1);
	if (tmp) {
	path = tmp;
	memcpy(path + base, name, len);
	path[base + len] = '\0';
	}
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(if (!NIL_P(utf8str)) rb_str_resize(utf8str, 0));
	return path;
	}
	#elif defined _WIN32
	VALUE rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(const WCHAR wstr, rb_encoding enc);
	int rb_w32_reparse_symlink_p(const WCHAR *path);

	static char *
	replace_real_basename(char path, long base, rb_encoding enc, int norm_p, int flags, rb_pathtype_t *type)
	{
	char *plainname = path;
	volatile VALUE tmp = 0;
	WIN32_FIND_DATAW fd;
	WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA fa;
	WCHAR *wplain;
	HANDLE h = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
	long wlen;
	int e = 0;
	if (!fundamental_encoding_p(enc)) {
	tmp = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(plainname, enc);
	tmp = rb_str_encode_ospath(tmp);
	plainname = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
	}
	wplain = rb_w32_mbstr_to_wstr(CP_UTF8, plainname, -1, &wlen);
	if (tmp) rb_str_resize(tmp, 0);
	if (!wplain) return path;
	if (GetFileAttributesExW(wplain, GetFileExInfoStandard, &fa)) {
	h = FindFirstFileW(wplain, &fd);
	e = rb_w32_map_errno(GetLastError());
	}
	if (fa.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
	if (!rb_w32_reparse_symlink_p(wplain))
	fa.dwFileAttributes &= ~FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT;
	}
	free(wplain);
	if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
	*type = path_noent;
	if (e && !to_be_ignored(e)) {
	errno = e;
	sys_warning(path, enc);
	}
	return path;
	}
	FindClose(h);
	*type =
	(fa.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) ? path_symlink :
	(fa.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) ? path_directory :
	path_regular;
	if (tmp) {
	char *buf;
	tmp = rb_w32_conv_from_wchar(fd.cFileName, enc);
	wlen = RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
	buf = GLOB_REALLOC(path, base + wlen + 1);
	if (buf) {
	path = buf;
	memcpy(path + base, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), wlen);
	path[base + wlen] = 0;
	}
	rb_str_resize(tmp, 0);
	}
	else {
	char *utf8filename;
	wlen = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, fd.cFileName, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
	utf8filename = GLOB_REALLOC(0, wlen);
	if (utf8filename) {
	char *buf;
	WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, fd.cFileName, -1, utf8filename, wlen, NULL, NULL);
	buf = GLOB_REALLOC(path, base + wlen + 1);
	if (buf) {
	path = buf;
	memcpy(path + base, utf8filename, wlen);
	path[base + wlen] = 0;
	}
	GLOB_FREE(utf8filename);
	}
	}
	return path;
	}
	#elif USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
	# error not implemented
	#endif

	#ifndef S_ISDIR
	# define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
	#endif

	#ifndef S_ISLNK
	# ifndef S_IFLNK
	# define S_ISLNK(m) (0)
	# else
	# define S_ISLNK(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK)
	# endif
	#endif

	struct glob_args {
	void (func)(const char , VALUE, void *);
	const char *path;
	const char *base;
	size_t baselen;
	VALUE value;
	rb_encoding *enc;
	};

	#define glob_call_func(func, path, arg, enc) ((func))((path), (arg), (void )(enc))

	static VALUE
	glob_func_caller(VALUE val)
	{
	struct glob_args args = (struct glob_args )val;

	glob_call_func(args->func, args->path, args->value, args->enc);
	return Qnil;
	}

	struct glob_error_args {
	const char *path;
	rb_encoding *enc;
	int error;
	};

	static VALUE
	glob_func_warning(VALUE val)
	{
	struct glob_error_args arg = (struct glob_error_args )val;
	rb_syserr_enc_warning(arg->error, arg->enc, "%s", arg->path);
	return Qnil;
	}

	#if 0
	static int
	rb_glob_warning(const char path, VALUE a, const void enc, int error)
	{
	int status;
	struct glob_error_args args;

	args.path = path;
	args.enc = enc;
	args.error = error;
	rb_protect(glob_func_warning, (VALUE)&args, &status);
	return status;
	}
	#endif

	NORETURN(static VALUE glob_func_error(VALUE val));

	static VALUE
	glob_func_error(VALUE val)
	{
	struct glob_error_args arg = (struct glob_error_args )val;
	VALUE path = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(arg->path, arg->enc);
	rb_syserr_fail_str(arg->error, path);
	UNREACHABLE_RETURN(Qnil);
	}

	static int
	rb_glob_error(const char path, VALUE a, const void enc, int error)
	{
	int status;
	struct glob_error_args args;
	VALUE (*errfunc)(VALUE) = glob_func_error;

	if (error == EACCES) {
	errfunc = glob_func_warning;
	}
	args.path = path;
	args.enc = enc;
	args.error = error;
	rb_protect(errfunc, (VALUE)&args, &status);
	return status;
	}

	typedef struct rb_dirent {
	long d_namlen;
	const char *d_name;
	#ifdef _WIN32
	const char *d_altname;
	#endif
	uint8_t d_type;
	} rb_dirent_t;

	static inline int
	dirent_match(const char pat, rb_encoding enc, const char name, const rb_dirent_t dp, int flags)
	{
	if (fnmatch(pat, enc, name, flags) == 0) return 1;
	#ifdef _WIN32
	if (dp->d_altname && (flags & FNM_SHORTNAME)) {
	if (fnmatch(pat, enc, dp->d_altname, flags) == 0) return 1;
	}
	#endif
	return 0;
	}

	struct push_glob_args {
	int fd;
	const char *path;
	size_t baselen;
	size_t namelen;
	int dirsep; /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
	rb_pathtype_t pathtype; /* type of 'path' */
	int flags;
	const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
	VALUE arg;
	};

	struct dirent_brace_args {
	const char *name;
	const rb_dirent_t *dp;
	int flags;
	};

	static int
	dirent_match_brace(const char pattern, VALUE val, void enc)
	{
	struct dirent_brace_args arg = (struct dirent_brace_args )val;

	return dirent_match(pattern, enc, arg->name, arg->dp, arg->flags);
	}

	/* join paths from pattern list of glob_make_pattern() */
	static char*
	join_path_from_pattern(struct glob_pattern **beg)
	{
	struct glob_pattern *p;
	char *path = NULL;
	size_t path_len = 0;

	for (p = *beg; p; p = p->next) {
	const char *str;
	switch (p->type) {
	case RECURSIVE:
	str = "**";
	break;
	case MATCH_DIR:
	/* append last slash */
	str = "";
	break;
	default:
	str = p->str;
	if (!str) continue;
	}
	if (!path) {
	path_len = strlen(str);
	path = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, path_len + 1);
	if (path) {
	memcpy(path, str, path_len);
	path[path_len] = '\0';
	}
	}
	else {
	size_t len = strlen(str);
	char *tmp;
	tmp = GLOB_REALLOC(path, path_len + len + 2);
	if (tmp) {
	path = tmp;
	path[path_len++] = '/';
	memcpy(path + path_len, str, len);
	path_len += len;
	path[path_len] = '\0';
	}
	}
	}
	return path;
	}

	static int push_caller(const char path, VALUE val, void enc);

	static int ruby_brace_expand(const char str, int flags, ruby_glob_func func, VALUE arg,
	rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var);

	static const size_t rb_dirent_name_offset =
	offsetof(rb_dirent_t, d_type) + sizeof(uint8_t);

	static rb_dirent_t *
	dirent_copy(const struct dirent dp, rb_dirent_t rdp)
	{
	if (!dp) return NULL;
	size_t namlen = NAMLEN(dp);
	const size_t altlen =
	#ifdef _WIN32
	dp->d_altlen ? dp->d_altlen + 1 :
	#endif
	0;
	rb_dirent_t *newrdp = rdp;
	if (!rdp && !(newrdp = malloc(rb_dirent_name_offset + namlen + 1 + altlen)))
	return NULL;
	newrdp->d_namlen = namlen;
	if (!rdp) {
	char name = (char )newrdp + rb_dirent_name_offset;
	memcpy(name, dp->d_name, namlen);
	name[namlen] = '\0';
	#ifdef _WIN32
	newrdp->d_altname = NULL;
	if (altlen) {
	char *const altname = name + namlen + 1;
	memcpy(altname, dp->d_altname, altlen - 1);
	altname[altlen - 1] = '\0';
	newrdp->d_altname = altname;
	}
	#endif
	newrdp->d_name = name;
	}
	else {
	newrdp->d_name = dp->d_name;
	#ifdef _WIN32
	newrdp->d_altname = dp->d_altname;
	#endif
	}
	#ifdef DT_UNKNOWN
	newrdp->d_type = dp->d_type;
	#else
	newrdp->d_type = 0;
	#endif
	return newrdp;
	}

	typedef union {
	struct {
	DIR *dirp;
	rb_dirent_t ent;
	} nosort;
	struct {
	size_t count, idx;
	rb_dirent_t **entries;
	} sort;
	} ruby_glob_entries_t;

	static int
	glob_sort_cmp(const void a, const void b, void *e)
	{
	const rb_dirent_t ent1 = (void **)a;
	const rb_dirent_t ent2 = (void **)b;
	return strcmp(ent1->d_name, ent2->d_name);
	}

	static void
	glob_dir_finish(ruby_glob_entries_t *ent, int flags)
	{
	if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
	closedir(ent->nosort.dirp);
	ent->nosort.dirp = NULL;
	}
	else if (ent->sort.entries) {
	for (size_t i = 0, count = ent->sort.count; i < count;) {
	GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries[i++]);
	}
	GLOB_FREE(ent->sort.entries);
	ent->sort.entries = NULL;
	ent->sort.count = ent->sort.idx = 0;
	}
	}

	static ruby_glob_entries_t *
	glob_opendir(ruby_glob_entries_t ent, DIR dirp, int flags, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	MEMZERO(ent, ruby_glob_entries_t, 1);
	if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
	ent->nosort.dirp = dirp;
	return ent;
	}
	else {
	void *newp;
	struct dirent *dp;
	size_t count = 0, capacity = 0;
	ent->sort.count = 0;
	ent->sort.idx = 0;
	ent->sort.entries = 0;
	#ifdef _WIN32
	if ((capacity = dirp->nfiles) > 0) {
	if (!(newp = GLOB_ALLOC_N(rb_dirent_t, capacity))) {
	closedir(dirp);
	return NULL;
	}
	ent->sort.entries = newp;
	}
	#endif
	while ((dp = READDIR(dirp, enc)) != NULL) {
	rb_dirent_t *rdp = dirent_copy(dp, NULL);
	if (!rdp) {
	goto nomem;
	}
	if (count >= capacity) {
	capacity += 256;
	if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, capacity)))
	goto nomem;
	ent->sort.entries = newp;
	}
	ent->sort.entries[count++] = rdp;
	ent->sort.count = count;
	}
	closedir(dirp);
	if (count < capacity) {
	if (!(newp = GLOB_REALLOC_N(ent->sort.entries, count))) {
	glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
	return NULL;
	}
	ent->sort.entries = newp;
	}
	ruby_qsort(ent->sort.entries, ent->sort.count, sizeof(ent->sort.entries[0]),
	glob_sort_cmp, NULL);
	return ent;
	}

	nomem:
	glob_dir_finish(ent, 0);
	closedir(dirp);
	return NULL;
	}

	static rb_dirent_t *
	glob_getent(ruby_glob_entries_t ent, int flags, rb_encoding enc)
	{
	if (flags & FNM_GLOB_NOSORT) {
	return dirent_copy(READDIR(ent->nosort.dirp, enc), &ent->nosort.ent);
	}
	else if (ent->sort.idx < ent->sort.count) {
	return ent->sort.entries[ent->sort.idx++];
	}
	else {
	return NULL;
	}
	}

	static int
	glob_helper(
	int fd,
	const char *path,
	size_t baselen,
	size_t namelen,
	int dirsep, /* '/' should be placed before appending child entry's name to 'path'. */
	rb_pathtype_t pathtype, /* type of 'path' */
	struct glob_pattern **beg,
	struct glob_pattern **end,
	int flags,
	const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs,
	VALUE arg,
	rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	struct stat st;
	int status = 0;
	struct glob_pattern cur, new_beg, **new_end;
	int plain = 0, brace = 0, magical = 0, recursive = 0, match_all = 0, match_dir = 0;
	int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
	size_t pathlen = baselen + namelen;

	for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
	struct glob_pattern p = cur;
	if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
	recursive = 1;
	p = p->next;
	}
	switch (p->type) {
	case PLAIN:
	plain = 1;
	break;
	case ALPHA:
	#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
	plain = 1;
	#else
	magical = 1;
	#endif
	break;
	case BRACE:
	if (!recursive) {
	brace = 1;
	}
	break;
	case MAGICAL:
	magical = 2;
	break;
	case MATCH_ALL:
	match_all = 1;
	break;
	case MATCH_DIR:
	match_dir = 1;
	break;
	case RECURSIVE:
	rb_bug("continuous RECURSIVEs");
	}
	}

	if (brace) {
	struct push_glob_args args;
	char* brace_path = join_path_from_pattern(beg);
	if (!brace_path) return -1;
	args.fd = fd;
	args.path = path;
	args.baselen = baselen;
	args.namelen = namelen;
	args.dirsep = dirsep;
	args.pathtype = pathtype;
	args.flags = flags;
	args.funcs = funcs;
	args.arg = arg;
	status = ruby_brace_expand(brace_path, flags, push_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
	GLOB_FREE(brace_path);
	return status;
	}

	if (*path) {
	if (match_all && pathtype == path_unknown) {
	if (do_lstat(fd, baselen, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
	pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
	}
	else {
	pathtype = path_noent;
	}
	}
	if (match_dir && (pathtype == path_unknown \|\| pathtype == path_symlink)) {
	if (do_stat(fd, baselen, path, &st, flags, enc) == 0) {
	pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
	}
	else {
	pathtype = path_noent;
	}
	}
	if (match_all && pathtype > path_noent) {
	const char *subpath = path + baselen + (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
	status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, subpath, arg, enc);
	if (status) return status;
	}
	if (match_dir && pathtype == path_directory) {
	int seplen = (baselen && path[baselen] == '/');
	const char *subpath = path + baselen + seplen;
	char *tmp = join_path(subpath, namelen - seplen, dirsep, "", 0);
	if (!tmp) return -1;
	status = glob_call_func(funcs->match, tmp, arg, enc);
	GLOB_FREE(tmp);
	if (status) return status;
	}
	}

	if (pathtype == path_noent) return 0;

	if (magical \|\| recursive) {
	rb_dirent_t *dp;
	DIR *dirp;
	# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
	char *plainname = 0;
	# endif
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(int norm_p);
	# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
	if (cur + 1 == end && (*cur)->type <= ALPHA) {
	plainname = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, (cur)->str, strlen((cur)->str));
	if (!plainname) return -1;
	dirp = do_opendir(fd, basename, plainname, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
	GLOB_FREE(plainname);
	}
	else
	# else
	;
	# endif
	dirp = do_opendir(fd, baselen, path, flags, enc, funcs->error, arg, &status);
	if (dirp == NULL) {
	# if FNM_SYSCASE \|\| NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
	if ((magical < 2) && !recursive && (errno == EACCES)) {
	/* no read permission, fallback */
	goto literally;
	}
	# endif
	return status;
	}
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(norm_p = need_normalization(dirp, *path ? path : "."));

	# if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
	if (!(norm_p \|\| magical \|\| recursive)) {
	closedir(dirp);
	goto literally;
	}
	# endif
	# ifdef HAVE_GETATTRLIST
	if (is_case_sensitive(dirp, path) == 0)
	flags \|= FNM_CASEFOLD;
	# endif
	ruby_glob_entries_t globent;
	if (!glob_opendir(&globent, dirp, flags, enc)) {
	status = 0;
	if (funcs->error) {
	status = (*funcs->error)(path, arg, enc, ENOMEM);
	}
	else {
	sys_warning(path, enc);
	}
	return status;
	}
	while ((dp = glob_getent(&globent, flags, enc)) != NULL) {
	char *buf;
	rb_pathtype_t new_pathtype = path_unknown;
	const char *name;
	size_t namlen;
	int dotfile = 0;
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(VALUE utf8str = Qnil);

	name = dp->d_name;
	namlen = dp->d_namlen;
	if (recursive && name[0] == '.') {
	++dotfile;
	if (namlen == 1) {
	/* unless DOTMATCH, skip current directories not to recurse infinitely */
	if (!(flags & FNM_DOTMATCH)) continue;
	++dotfile;
	new_pathtype = path_directory; /* force to skip stat/lstat */
	}
	else if (namlen == 2 && name[1] == '.') {
	/* always skip parent directories not to recurse infinitely */
	continue;
	}
	}

	# if NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
	if (norm_p && has_nonascii(name, namlen)) {
	if (!NIL_P(utf8str = rb_str_normalize_ospath(name, namlen))) {
	RSTRING_GETMEM(utf8str, name, namlen);
	}
	}
	# endif
	buf = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, name, namlen);
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(if (!NIL_P(utf8str)) rb_str_resize(utf8str, 0));
	if (!buf) {
	status = -1;
	break;
	}
	name = buf + pathlen + (dirsep != 0);
	#ifdef DT_UNKNOWN
	if (dp->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN) {
	/* Got it. We need no more lstat. */
	new_pathtype = dp->d_type;
	}
	#endif
	if (recursive && dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1) &&
	new_pathtype == path_unknown) {
	/* RECURSIVE never match dot files unless FNM_DOTMATCH is set */
	if (do_lstat(fd, baselen, buf, &st, flags, enc) == 0)
	new_pathtype = IFTODT(st.st_mode);
	else
	new_pathtype = path_noent;
	}

	new_beg = new_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern , (end - beg) 2);
	if (!new_beg) {
	GLOB_FREE(buf);
	status = -1;
	break;
	}

	for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur) {
	struct glob_pattern p = cur;
	struct dirent_brace_args args;
	if (p->type == RECURSIVE) {
	if (new_pathtype == path_directory \|\| /* not symlink but real directory */
	new_pathtype == path_exist) {
	if (dotfile < ((flags & FNM_DOTMATCH) ? 2 : 1))
	new_end++ = p; / append recursive pattern */
	}
	p = p->next; /* 0 times recursion */
	}
	switch (p->type) {
	case BRACE:
	args.name = name;
	args.dp = dp;
	args.flags = flags;
	if (ruby_brace_expand(p->str, flags, dirent_match_brace,
	(VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse) > 0)
	*new_end++ = p->next;
	break;
	case ALPHA:
	# if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_BY_FNMATCH
	if (plainname) {
	*new_end++ = p->next;
	break;
	}
	# endif
	case PLAIN:
	case MAGICAL:
	if (dirent_match(p->str, enc, name, dp, flags))
	*new_end++ = p->next;
	default:
	break;
	}
	}

	status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, name - buf - baselen + namlen, 1,
	new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
	flags, funcs, arg, enc);
	GLOB_FREE(buf);
	GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
	if (status) break;
	}

	glob_dir_finish(&globent, flags);
	}
	else if (plain) {
	struct glob_pattern copy_beg, copy_end, **cur2;

	# if FNM_SYSCASE \|\| NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH
	literally:
	# endif
	copy_beg = copy_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, end - beg);
	if (!copy_beg) return -1;
	for (cur = beg; cur < end; ++cur)
	copy_end++ = (cur)->type <= ALPHA ? *cur : 0;

	for (cur = copy_beg; cur < copy_end; ++cur) {
	if (*cur) {
	rb_pathtype_t new_pathtype = path_unknown;
	char *buf;
	char *name;
	size_t len = strlen((*cur)->str) + 1;
	name = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len);
	if (!name) {
	status = -1;
	break;
	}
	memcpy(name, (*cur)->str, len);
	if (escape)
	len = remove_backslashes(name, name+len-1, enc) - name;

	new_beg = new_end = GLOB_ALLOC_N(struct glob_pattern *, end - beg);
	if (!new_beg) {
	GLOB_FREE(name);
	status = -1;
	break;
	}
	new_end++ = (cur)->next;
	for (cur2 = cur + 1; cur2 < copy_end; ++cur2) {
	if (cur2 && fnmatch((cur2)->str, enc, name, flags) == 0) {
	new_end++ = (cur2)->next;
	*cur2 = 0;
	}
	}

	buf = join_path(path, pathlen, dirsep, name, len);
	GLOB_FREE(name);
	if (!buf) {
	GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
	status = -1;
	break;
	}
	#if USE_NAME_ON_FS == USE_NAME_ON_FS_REAL_BASENAME
	if ((*cur)->type == ALPHA) {
	buf = replace_real_basename(buf, pathlen + (dirsep != 0), enc,
	IF_NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH(1)+0,
	flags, &new_pathtype);
	if (!buf) break;
	}
	#endif
	status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen,
	namelen + strlen(buf + pathlen), 1,
	new_pathtype, new_beg, new_end,
	flags, funcs, arg, enc);
	GLOB_FREE(buf);
	GLOB_FREE(new_beg);
	if (status) break;
	}
	}

	GLOB_FREE(copy_beg);
	}

	return status;
	}

	static int
	push_caller(const char path, VALUE val, void enc)
	{
	struct push_glob_args arg = (struct push_glob_args )val;
	struct glob_pattern *list;
	int status;

	list = glob_make_pattern(path, path + strlen(path), arg->flags, enc);
	if (!list) {
	return -1;
	}
	status = glob_helper(arg->fd, arg->path, arg->baselen, arg->namelen, arg->dirsep,
	arg->pathtype, &list, &list + 1, arg->flags, arg->funcs,
	arg->arg, enc);
	glob_free_pattern(list);
	return status;
	}

	static int ruby_glob0(const char path, int fd, const char base, int flags,
	const ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs, VALUE arg, rb_encoding enc);

	struct push_glob0_args {
	int fd;
	const char *base;
	int flags;
	const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs;
	VALUE arg;
	};

	static int
	push_glob0_caller(const char path, VALUE val, void enc)
	{
	struct push_glob0_args arg = (struct push_glob0_args )val;
	return ruby_glob0(path, arg->fd, arg->base, arg->flags, arg->funcs, arg->arg, enc);
	}

	static int
	ruby_glob0(const char path, int fd, const char base, int flags,
	const ruby_glob_funcs_t *funcs, VALUE arg,
	rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	struct glob_pattern *list;
	const char root, start;
	char *buf;
	size_t n, baselen = 0;
	int status, dirsep = FALSE;

	start = root = path;

	if (*root == '{') {
	struct push_glob0_args args;
	args.fd = fd;
	args.base = base;
	args.flags = flags;
	args.funcs = funcs;
	args.arg = arg;
	return ruby_brace_expand(path, flags, push_glob0_caller, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
	}

	flags \|= FNM_SYSCASE;
	#if defined DOSISH
	root = rb_enc_path_skip_prefix(root, root + strlen(root), enc);
	#endif

	if (*root == '/') root++;

	n = root - start;
	if (!n && base) {
	n = strlen(base);
	baselen = n;
	start = base;
	dirsep = TRUE;
	}
	buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, n + 1);
	if (!buf) return -1;
	MEMCPY(buf, start, char, n);
	buf[n] = '\0';

	list = glob_make_pattern(root, root + strlen(root), flags, enc);
	if (!list) {
	GLOB_FREE(buf);
	return -1;
	}
	status = glob_helper(fd, buf, baselen, n-baselen, dirsep,
	path_unknown, &list, &list + 1,
	flags, funcs, arg, enc);
	glob_free_pattern(list);
	GLOB_FREE(buf);

	return status;
	}

	int
	ruby_glob(const char path, int flags, ruby_glob_func func, VALUE arg)
	{
	ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
	funcs.match = func;
	funcs.error = 0;
	return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, flags & ~GLOB_VERBOSE,
	&funcs, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
	}

	static int
	rb_glob_caller(const char path, VALUE a, void enc)
	{
	int status;
	struct glob_args args = (struct glob_args )a;

	args->path = path;
	rb_protect(glob_func_caller, a, &status);
	return status;
	}

	static const ruby_glob_funcs_t rb_glob_funcs = {
	rb_glob_caller, rb_glob_error,
	};

	void
	rb_glob(const char path, void (func)(const char , VALUE, void ), VALUE arg)
	{
	struct glob_args args;
	int status;

	args.func = func;
	args.value = arg;
	args.enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();

	status = ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, GLOB_VERBOSE, &rb_glob_funcs,
	(VALUE)&args, args.enc);
	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
	}

	static void
	push_pattern(const char path, VALUE ary, void enc)
	{
	#if defined _WIN32 \|\| defined __APPLE__
	VALUE name = rb_utf8_str_new_cstr(path);
	rb_encoding *eenc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
	name = rb_str_conv_enc(name, NULL, eenc ? eenc : enc);
	#else
	VALUE name = rb_external_str_new_with_enc(path, strlen(path), enc);
	#endif
	rb_ary_push(ary, name);
	}

	static int
	ruby_brace_expand(const char str, int flags, ruby_glob_func func, VALUE arg,
	rb_encoding *enc, VALUE var)
	{
	const int escape = !(flags & FNM_NOESCAPE);
	const char *p = str;
	const char *pend = p + strlen(p);
	const char *s = p;
	const char lbrace = 0, rbrace = 0;
	int nest = 0, status = 0;

	while (*p) {
	if (*p == '{' && nest++ == 0) {
	lbrace = p;
	}
	if (*p == '}' && lbrace && --nest == 0) {
	rbrace = p;
	break;
	}
	if (*p == '\\' && escape) {
	if (!*++p) break;
	}
	Inc(p, pend, enc);
	}

	if (lbrace && rbrace) {
	size_t len = strlen(s) + 1;
	char *buf = GLOB_ALLOC_N(char, len);
	long shift;

	if (!buf) return -1;
	memcpy(buf, s, lbrace-s);
	shift = (lbrace-s);
	p = lbrace;
	while (p < rbrace) {
	const char *t = ++p;
	nest = 0;
	while (p < rbrace && !(*p == ',' && nest == 0)) {
	if (*p == '{') nest++;
	if (*p == '}') nest--;
	if (*p == '\\' && escape) {
	if (++p == rbrace) break;
	}
	Inc(p, pend, enc);
	}
	memcpy(buf+shift, t, p-t);
	strlcpy(buf+shift+(p-t), rbrace+1, len-(shift+(p-t)));
	status = ruby_brace_expand(buf, flags, func, arg, enc, var);
	if (status) break;
	}
	GLOB_FREE(buf);
	}
	else if (!lbrace && !rbrace) {
	status = glob_call_func(func, s, arg, enc);
	}

	RB_GC_GUARD(var);
	return status;
	}

	struct brace_args {
	ruby_glob_funcs_t funcs;
	VALUE value;
	int flags;
	};

	static int
	glob_brace(const char path, VALUE val, void enc)
	{
	struct brace_args arg = (struct brace_args )val;

	return ruby_glob0(path, AT_FDCWD, 0, arg->flags, &arg->funcs, arg->value, enc);
	}

	int
	ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(const char str, int flags, ruby_glob_func func, VALUE arg, rb_encoding *enc)
	{
	struct brace_args args;

	flags &= ~GLOB_VERBOSE;
	args.funcs.match = func;
	args.funcs.error = 0;
	args.value = arg;
	args.flags = flags;
	return ruby_brace_expand(str, flags, glob_brace, (VALUE)&args, enc, Qfalse);
	}

	int
	ruby_brace_glob(const char str, int flags, ruby_glob_func func, VALUE arg)
	{
	return ruby_brace_glob_with_enc(str, flags, func, arg, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
	}

	static int
	push_glob(VALUE ary, VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags)
	{
	struct glob_args args;
	int fd;
	rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(str);

	#if defined _WIN32 \|\| defined __APPLE__
	str = rb_str_encode_ospath(str);
	#endif
	if (rb_enc_to_index(enc) == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII)
	enc = rb_filesystem_encoding();
	if (rb_enc_to_index(enc) == ENCINDEX_US_ASCII)
	enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
	flags \|= GLOB_VERBOSE;
	args.func = push_pattern;
	args.value = ary;
	args.enc = enc;
	args.base = 0;
	fd = AT_FDCWD;
	if (!NIL_P(base)) {
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(base, T_STRING) \|\| !rb_enc_check(str, base)) {
	struct dir_data *dirp = DATA_PTR(base);
	if (!dirp->dir) dir_closed();
	#ifdef HAVE_DIRFD
	if ((fd = dirfd(dirp->dir)) == -1)
	rb_sys_fail_path(dir_inspect(base));
	#endif
	base = dirp->path;
	}
	args.base = RSTRING_PTR(base);
	}
	#if defined _WIN32 \|\| defined __APPLE__
	enc = rb_utf8_encoding();
	#endif

	return ruby_glob0(RSTRING_PTR(str), fd, args.base, flags, &rb_glob_funcs,
	(VALUE)&args, enc);
	}

	static VALUE
	rb_push_glob(VALUE str, VALUE base, int flags) /* '\0' is delimiter */
	{
	VALUE ary;
	int status;

	/* can contain null bytes as separators */
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING)) {
	FilePathValue(str);
	}
	else if (!rb_str_to_cstr(str)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "nul-separated glob pattern is deprecated");
	}
	else {
	rb_enc_check(str, rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_usascii_encoding()));
	}
	ary = rb_ary_new();

	status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);

	return ary;
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_globs(VALUE args, VALUE base, int flags)
	{
	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
	long i;

	for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(args); ++i) {
	int status;
	VALUE str = RARRAY_AREF(args, i);
	FilePathValue(str);
	status = push_glob(ary, str, base, flags);
	if (status) GLOB_JUMP_TAG(status);
	}
	RB_GC_GUARD(args);

	return ary;
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_glob_option_base(VALUE base)
	{
	if (base == Qundef \|\| NIL_P(base)) {
	return Qnil;
	}
	#if USE_OPENDIR_AT
	if (rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(base, &dir_data_type)) {
	return base;
	}
	#endif
	FilePathValue(base);
	if (!RSTRING_LEN(base)) return Qnil;
	return base;
	}

	static int
	dir_glob_option_sort(VALUE sort)
	{
	return (sort ? 0 : FNM_GLOB_NOSORT);
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_s_aref(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
	{
	const int flags = dir_glob_option_sort(sort);
	base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
	if (RARRAY_LEN(args) == 1) {
	return rb_push_glob(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0), base, flags);
	}
	return dir_globs(args, base, flags);
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_s_glob(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE obj, VALUE str, VALUE rflags, VALUE base, VALUE sort)
	{
	VALUE ary = rb_check_array_type(str);
	const int flags = NUM2INT(rflags) \| dir_glob_option_sort(sort);
	base = dir_glob_option_base(base);
	if (NIL_P(ary)) {
	ary = rb_push_glob(str, base, flags);
	}
	else {
	ary = dir_globs(ary, base, flags);
	}

	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
	rb_ary_each(ary);
	return Qnil;
	}
	return ary;
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_open_dir(int argc, VALUE *argv)
	{
	VALUE dir = rb_funcallv_kw(rb_cDir, rb_intern("open"), argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);

	rb_check_typeddata(dir, &dir_data_type);
	return dir;
	}


	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.foreach( dirname ) {\| filename \| block } -> nil
	* Dir.foreach( dirname, encoding: enc ) {\| filename \| block } -> nil
	* Dir.foreach( dirname ) -> an_enumerator
	* Dir.foreach( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> an_enumerator
	*
	* Calls the block once for each entry in the named directory, passing
	* the filename of each entry as a parameter to the block.
	*
	* If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
	*
	* Dir.foreach("testdir") {\|x\| puts "Got #{x}" }
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* Got .
	* Got ..
	* Got config.h
	* Got main.rb
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_foreach(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
	{
	VALUE dir;

	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, argc, argv);
	dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
	rb_ensure(dir_each, dir, dir_close, dir);
	return Qnil;
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_collect(VALUE dir)
	{
	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
	dir_each_entry(dir, rb_ary_push, ary, FALSE);
	return ary;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.entries( dirname ) -> array
	* Dir.entries( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> array
	*
	* Returns an array containing all of the filenames in the given
	* directory. Will raise a SystemCallError if the named directory
	* doesn't exist.
	*
	* The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the
	* directory. If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
	*
	* Dir.entries("testdir") #=> [".", "..", "config.h", "main.rb"]
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_entries(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
	{
	VALUE dir;

	dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
	return rb_ensure(dir_collect, dir, dir_close, dir);
	}

	static VALUE
	dir_each_child(VALUE dir)
	{
	return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.each_child( dirname ) {\| filename \| block } -> nil
	* Dir.each_child( dirname, encoding: enc ) {\| filename \| block } -> nil
	* Dir.each_child( dirname ) -> an_enumerator
	* Dir.each_child( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> an_enumerator
	*
	* Calls the block once for each entry except for "." and ".." in the
	* named directory, passing the filename of each entry as a parameter
	* to the block.
	*
	* If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
	*
	* Dir.each_child("testdir") {\|x\| puts "Got #{x}" }
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* Got config.h
	* Got main.rb
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_each_child(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
	{
	VALUE dir;

	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(io, argc, argv);
	dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
	rb_ensure(dir_each_child, dir, dir_close, dir);
	return Qnil;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.each_child {\| filename \| block } -> dir
	* dir.each_child -> an_enumerator
	*
	* Calls the block once for each entry except for "." and ".." in
	* this directory, passing the filename of each entry as a parameter
	* to the block.
	*
	* If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir")
	* d.each_child {\|x\| puts "Got #{x}" }
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* Got config.h
	* Got main.rb
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_each_child_m(VALUE dir)
	{
	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(dir, 0, 0);
	return dir_each_entry(dir, dir_yield, Qnil, TRUE);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* dir.children -> array
	*
	* Returns an array containing all of the filenames except for "."
	* and ".." in this directory.
	*
	* d = Dir.new("testdir")
	* d.children #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_collect_children(VALUE dir)
	{
	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
	dir_each_entry(dir, rb_ary_push, ary, TRUE);
	return ary;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.children( dirname ) -> array
	* Dir.children( dirname, encoding: enc ) -> array
	*
	* Returns an array containing all of the filenames except for "."
	* and ".." in the given directory. Will raise a SystemCallError if
	* the named directory doesn't exist.
	*
	* The optional <i>encoding</i> keyword argument specifies the encoding of the
	* directory. If not specified, the filesystem encoding is used.
	*
	* Dir.children("testdir") #=> ["config.h", "main.rb"]
	*
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_children(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
	{
	VALUE dir;

	dir = dir_open_dir(argc, argv);
	return rb_ensure(dir_collect_children, dir, dir_close, dir);
	}

	static int
	fnmatch_brace(const char pattern, VALUE val, void enc)
	{
	struct brace_args arg = (struct brace_args )val;
	VALUE path = arg->value;
	rb_encoding *enc_pattern = enc;
	rb_encoding *enc_path = rb_enc_get(path);

	if (enc_pattern != enc_path) {
	if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc_pattern))
	return FNM_NOMATCH;
	if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc_path))
	return FNM_NOMATCH;
	if (!rb_enc_str_asciionly_p(path)) {
	int cr = ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT;
	long len = strlen(pattern);
	if (rb_str_coderange_scan_restartable(pattern, pattern + len,
	enc_pattern, &cr) != len)
	return FNM_NOMATCH;
	if (cr != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT)
	return FNM_NOMATCH;
	}
	}
	return (fnmatch(pattern, enc, RSTRING_PTR(path), arg->flags) == 0);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* File.fnmatch( pattern, path, [flags] ) -> (true or false)
	* File.fnmatch?( pattern, path, [flags] ) -> (true or false)
	*
	* Returns true if +path+ matches against +pattern+. The pattern is not a
	* regular expression; instead it follows rules similar to shell filename
	* globbing. It may contain the following metacharacters:
	*
	* <code>*</code>::
	* Matches any file. Can be restricted by other values in the glob.
	* Equivalent to <code>/ .* /x</code> in regexp.
	*
	* <code>*</code>:: Matches all files regular files
	* <code>c*</code>:: Matches all files beginning with <code>c</code>
	* <code>*c</code>:: Matches all files ending with <code>c</code>
	* <code>\c</code>:: Matches all files that have <code>c</code> in them
	* (including at the beginning or end).
	*
	* To match hidden files (that start with a <code>.</code> set the
	* File::FNM_DOTMATCH flag.
	*
	* <code>**</code>::
	* Matches directories recursively or files expansively.
	*
	* <code>?</code>::
	* Matches any one character. Equivalent to <code>/.{1}/</code> in regexp.
	*
	* <code>[set]</code>::
	* Matches any one character in +set+. Behaves exactly like character sets
	* in Regexp, including set negation (<code>[^a-z]</code>).
	*
	* <code> \ </code>::
	* Escapes the next metacharacter.
	*
	* <code>{a,b}</code>::
	* Matches pattern a and pattern b if File::FNM_EXTGLOB flag is enabled.
	* Behaves like a Regexp union (<code>(?:a\|b)</code>).
	*
	* +flags+ is a bitwise OR of the <code>FNM_XXX</code> constants. The same
	* glob pattern and flags are used by Dir::glob.
	*
	* Examples:
	*
	* File.fnmatch('cat', 'cat') #=> true # match entire string
	* File.fnmatch('cat', 'category') #=> false # only match partial string
	*
	* File.fnmatch('c{at,ub}s', 'cats') #=> false # { } isn't supported by default
	* File.fnmatch('c{at,ub}s', 'cats', File::FNM_EXTGLOB) #=> true # { } is supported on FNM_EXTGLOB
	*
	* File.fnmatch('c?t', 'cat') #=> true # '?' match only 1 character
	* File.fnmatch('c??t', 'cat') #=> false # ditto
	* File.fnmatch('c', 'cats') #=> true # '' match 0 or more characters
	* File.fnmatch('c*t', 'c/a/b/t') #=> true # ditto
	* File.fnmatch('ca[a-z]', 'cat') #=> true # inclusive bracket expression
	* File.fnmatch('ca[^t]', 'cat') #=> false # exclusive bracket expression ('^' or '!')
	*
	* File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT') #=> false # case sensitive
	* File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_CASEFOLD) #=> true # case insensitive
	* File.fnmatch('cat', 'CAT', File::FNM_SYSCASE) #=> true or false # depends on the system default
	*
	* File.fnmatch('?', '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> false # wildcard doesn't match '/' on FNM_PATHNAME
	* File.fnmatch('*', '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> false # ditto
	* File.fnmatch('[/]', '/', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> false # ditto
	*
	* File.fnmatch('\?', '?') #=> true # escaped wildcard becomes ordinary
	* File.fnmatch('\a', 'a') #=> true # escaped ordinary remains ordinary
	* File.fnmatch('\a', '\a', File::FNM_NOESCAPE) #=> true # FNM_NOESCAPE makes '\' ordinary
	* File.fnmatch('[\?]', '?') #=> true # can escape inside bracket expression
	*
	* File.fnmatch('*', '.profile') #=> false # wildcard doesn't match leading
	* File.fnmatch('*', '.profile', File::FNM_DOTMATCH) #=> true # period by default.
	* File.fnmatch('.*', '.profile') #=> true
	*
	* rbfiles = '*' '/' '.rb' # you don't have to do like this. just write in single string.
	* File.fnmatch(rbfiles, 'main.rb') #=> false
	* File.fnmatch(rbfiles, './main.rb') #=> false
	* File.fnmatch(rbfiles, 'lib/song.rb') #=> true
	* File.fnmatch('**.rb', 'main.rb') #=> true
	* File.fnmatch('**.rb', './main.rb') #=> false
	* File.fnmatch('**.rb', 'lib/song.rb') #=> true
	* File.fnmatch('*', 'dave/.profile') #=> true
	*
	* pattern = '' '/' ''
	* File.fnmatch(pattern, 'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> false
	* File.fnmatch(pattern, 'dave/.profile', File::FNM_PATHNAME \| File::FNM_DOTMATCH) #=> true
	*
	* pattern = '**' '/' 'foo'
	* File.fnmatch(pattern, 'a/b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> true
	* File.fnmatch(pattern, '/a/b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> true
	* File.fnmatch(pattern, 'c:/a/b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> true
	* File.fnmatch(pattern, 'a/.b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME) #=> false
	* File.fnmatch(pattern, 'a/.b/c/foo', File::FNM_PATHNAME \| File::FNM_DOTMATCH) #=> true
	*/
	static VALUE
	file_s_fnmatch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
	{
	VALUE pattern, path;
	VALUE rflags;
	int flags;

	if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &pattern, &path, &rflags) == 3)
	flags = NUM2INT(rflags);
	else
	flags = 0;

	StringValueCStr(pattern);
	FilePathStringValue(path);

	if (flags & FNM_EXTGLOB) {
	struct brace_args args;

	args.value = path;
	args.flags = flags;
	if (ruby_brace_expand(RSTRING_PTR(pattern), flags, fnmatch_brace,
	(VALUE)&args, rb_enc_get(pattern), pattern) > 0)
	return Qtrue;
	}
	else {
	rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_compatible(pattern, path);
	if (!enc) return Qfalse;
	if (fnmatch(RSTRING_PTR(pattern), enc, RSTRING_PTR(path), flags) == 0)
	return Qtrue;
	}
	RB_GC_GUARD(pattern);

	return Qfalse;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.home() -> "/home/me"
	* Dir.home("root") -> "/root"
	*
	* Returns the home directory of the current user or the named user
	* if given.
	*/
	static VALUE
	dir_s_home(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
	{
	VALUE user;
	const char *u = 0;

	rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
	user = (argc > 0) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
	if (!NIL_P(user)) {
	SafeStringValue(user);
	rb_must_asciicompat(user);
	u = StringValueCStr(user);
	if (*u) {
	return rb_home_dir_of(user, rb_str_new(0, 0));
	}
	}
	return rb_default_home_dir(rb_str_new(0, 0));

	}

	#if 0
	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.exist?(file_name) -> true or false
	*
	* Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is a directory,
	* <code>false</code> otherwise.
	*
	*/
	VALUE
	rb_file_directory_p(void)
	{
	}
	#endif

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	rb_dir_exists_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
	{
	rb_warn_deprecated("Dir.exists?", "Dir.exist?");
	return rb_file_directory_p(obj, fname);
	}

	static void *
	nogvl_dir_empty_p(void *ptr)
	{
	const char *path = ptr;
	DIR *dir = opendir(path);
	struct dirent *dp;
	VALUE result = Qtrue;

	if (!dir) {
	int e = errno;
	switch (gc_for_fd_with_gvl(e)) {
	default:
	dir = opendir(path);
	if (dir) break;
	e = errno;
	/* fall through */
	case 0:
	if (e == ENOTDIR) return (void *)Qfalse;
	errno = e; /* for rb_sys_fail_path */
	return (void *)Qundef;
	}
	}
	while ((dp = READDIR(dir, NULL)) != NULL) {
	if (!to_be_skipped(dp)) {
	result = Qfalse;
	break;
	}
	}
	closedir(dir);
	return (void *)result;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Dir.empty?(path_name) -> true or false
	*
	* Returns <code>true</code> if the named file is an empty directory,
	* <code>false</code> if it is not a directory or non-empty.
	*/
	static VALUE
	rb_dir_s_empty_p(VALUE obj, VALUE dirname)
	{
	VALUE result, orig;
	const char *path;
	enum {false_on_notdir = 1};

	FilePathValue(dirname);
	orig = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
	dirname = rb_str_encode_ospath(dirname);
	dirname = rb_str_dup_frozen(dirname);
	path = RSTRING_PTR(dirname);

	#if defined HAVE_GETATTRLIST && defined ATTR_DIR_ENTRYCOUNT
	{
	u_int32_t attrbuf[SIZEUP32(fsobj_tag_t)];
	struct attrlist al = {ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT, 0, ATTR_CMN_OBJTAG,};
	if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), 0) != 0)
	rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
	if ((const fsobj_tag_t )(attrbuf+1) == VT_HFS) {
	al.commonattr = 0;
	al.dirattr = ATTR_DIR_ENTRYCOUNT;
	if (getattrlist(path, &al, attrbuf, sizeof(attrbuf), 0) == 0) {
	if (attrbuf[0] >= 2 * sizeof(u_int32_t))
	return attrbuf[1] ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
	if (false_on_notdir) return Qfalse;
	}
	rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
	}
	}
	#endif

	result = (VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_dir_empty_p, (void *)path,
	RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
	if (result == Qundef) {
	rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
	}
	return result;
	}

	/*
	* Objects of class Dir are directory streams representing
	* directories in the underlying file system. They provide a variety
	* of ways to list directories and their contents. See also File.
	*
	* The directory used in these examples contains the two regular files
	* (<code>config.h</code> and <code>main.rb</code>), the parent
	* directory (<code>..</code>), and the directory itself
	* (<code>.</code>).
	*/
	void
	Init_Dir(void)
	{
	rb_cDir = rb_define_class("Dir", rb_cObject);

	rb_include_module(rb_cDir, rb_mEnumerable);

	rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cDir, dir_s_alloc);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "foreach", dir_foreach, -1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "entries", dir_entries, -1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "each_child", dir_s_each_child, -1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir, "children", dir_s_children, -1);

	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"fileno", dir_fileno, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"path", dir_path, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"to_path", dir_path, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"inspect", dir_inspect, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"read", dir_read, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each", dir_each, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"each_child", dir_each_child_m, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"children", dir_collect_children, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"rewind", dir_rewind, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"tell", dir_tell, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"seek", dir_seek, 1);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"pos", dir_tell, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"pos=", dir_set_pos, 1);
	rb_define_method(rb_cDir,"close", dir_close, 0);

	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"chdir", dir_s_chdir, -1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"getwd", dir_s_getwd, 0);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"pwd", dir_s_getwd, 0);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"chroot", dir_s_chroot, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"mkdir", dir_s_mkdir, -1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"rmdir", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"delete", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"unlink", dir_s_rmdir, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"home", dir_s_home, -1);

	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"exist?", rb_file_directory_p, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"exists?", rb_dir_exists_p, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cDir,"empty?", rb_dir_s_empty_p, 1);

	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch", file_s_fnmatch, -1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile,"fnmatch?", file_s_fnmatch, -1);

	/* Document-const: File::Constants::FNM_NOESCAPE
	*
	* Disables escapes in File.fnmatch and Dir.glob patterns
	*/
	rb_file_const("FNM_NOESCAPE", INT2FIX(FNM_NOESCAPE));

	/* Document-const: File::Constants::FNM_PATHNAME
	*
	* Wildcards in File.fnmatch and Dir.glob patterns do not match directory
	* separators
	*/
	rb_file_const("FNM_PATHNAME", INT2FIX(FNM_PATHNAME));

	/* Document-const: File::Constants::FNM_DOTMATCH
	*
	* The '*' wildcard matches filenames starting with "." in File.fnmatch
	* and Dir.glob patterns
	*/
	rb_file_const("FNM_DOTMATCH", INT2FIX(FNM_DOTMATCH));

	/* Document-const: File::Constants::FNM_CASEFOLD
	*
	* Makes File.fnmatch patterns case insensitive (but not Dir.glob
	* patterns).
	*/
	rb_file_const("FNM_CASEFOLD", INT2FIX(FNM_CASEFOLD));

	/* Document-const: File::Constants::FNM_EXTGLOB
	*
	* Allows file globbing through "{a,b}" in File.fnmatch patterns.
	*/
	rb_file_const("FNM_EXTGLOB", INT2FIX(FNM_EXTGLOB));

	/* Document-const: File::Constants::FNM_SYSCASE
	*
	* System default case insensitiveness, equals to FNM_CASEFOLD or
	* 0.
	*/
	rb_file_const("FNM_SYSCASE", INT2FIX(FNM_SYSCASE));

	/* Document-const: File::Constants::FNM_SHORTNAME
	*
	* Makes patterns to match short names if existing. Valid only
	* on Microsoft Windows.
	*/
	rb_file_const("FNM_SHORTNAME", INT2FIX(FNM_SHORTNAME));
	}

	#include "dir.rbinc"

ruby / ruby

ruby/dir.c