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	/**********************************************************************

	error.c -

	$Author$
	created at: Mon Aug 9 16:11:34 JST 1993

	Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto

	**********************************************************************/

	#include "ruby/internal/config.h"

	#include <errno.h>
	#include <stdarg.h>
	#include <stdio.h>

	#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
	# include <stdlib.h>
	#endif

	#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
	# include <unistd.h>
	#endif

	#if defined __APPLE__
	# include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
	#endif

	#include "internal.h"
	#include "internal/error.h"
	#include "internal/eval.h"
	#include "internal/io.h"
	#include "internal/load.h"
	#include "internal/object.h"
	#include "internal/symbol.h"
	#include "internal/thread.h"
	#include "internal/variable.h"
	#include "ruby/encoding.h"
	#include "ruby/st.h"
	#include "ruby_assert.h"
	#include "vm_core.h"

	#include "builtin.h"

	/*!
	* \defgroup exception Exception handlings
	* \{
	*/

	#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
	#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
	#endif

	#ifndef WIFEXITED
	#define WIFEXITED(status) 1
	#endif

	#ifndef WEXITSTATUS
	#define WEXITSTATUS(status) (status)
	#endif

	VALUE rb_iseqw_local_variables(VALUE iseqval);
	VALUE rb_iseqw_new(const rb_iseq_t *);
	int rb_str_end_with_asciichar(VALUE str, int c);
	VALUE rb_ident_hash_new(void);

	long rb_backtrace_length_limit = -1;
	VALUE rb_eEAGAIN;
	VALUE rb_eEWOULDBLOCK;
	VALUE rb_eEINPROGRESS;
	static VALUE rb_mWarning;
	static VALUE rb_cWarningBuffer;

	static ID id_warn;
	static ID id_category;
	static ID id_deprecated;
	static ID id_experimental;
	static VALUE sym_category;
	static VALUE warning_categories;
	static VALUE warning_category_t_map;

	extern const char ruby_description[];

	static const char *
	rb_strerrno(int err)
	{
	#define defined_error(name, num) if (err == (num)) return (name);
	#define undefined_error(name)
	#include "known_errors.inc"
	#undef defined_error
	#undef undefined_error
	return NULL;
	}

	static int
	err_position_0(char buf, long len, const char file, int line)
	{
	if (!file) {
	return 0;
	}
	else if (line == 0) {
	return snprintf(buf, len, "%s: ", file);
	}
	else {
	return snprintf(buf, len, "%s:%d: ", file, line);
	}
	}

	static VALUE
	err_vcatf(VALUE str, const char pre, const char file, int line,
	const char *fmt, va_list args)
	{
	if (file) {
	rb_str_cat2(str, file);
	if (line) rb_str_catf(str, ":%d", line);
	rb_str_cat2(str, ": ");
	}
	if (pre) rb_str_cat2(str, pre);
	rb_str_vcatf(str, fmt, args);
	return str;
	}

	VALUE
	rb_syntax_error_append(VALUE exc, VALUE file, int line, int column,
	rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, va_list args)
	{
	const char *fn = NIL_P(file) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(file);
	if (!exc) {
	VALUE mesg = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);
	err_vcatf(mesg, NULL, fn, line, fmt, args);
	rb_str_cat2(mesg, "\n");
	rb_write_error_str(mesg);
	}
	else {
	VALUE mesg;
	if (NIL_P(exc)) {
	mesg = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);
	exc = rb_class_new_instance(1, &mesg, rb_eSyntaxError);
	}
	else {
	mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, idMesg);
	if (RSTRING_LEN(mesg) > 0 && *(RSTRING_END(mesg)-1) != '\n')
	rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, "\n");
	}
	err_vcatf(mesg, NULL, fn, line, fmt, args);
	}

	return exc;
	}

	static unsigned int warning_disabled_categories = (
	1U << RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED \|
	0);

	static unsigned int
	rb_warning_category_mask(VALUE category)
	{
	return 1U << rb_warning_category_from_name(category);
	}

	rb_warning_category_t
	rb_warning_category_from_name(VALUE category)
	{
	VALUE cat_value;
	Check_Type(category, T_SYMBOL);
	cat_value = rb_hash_aref(warning_categories, category);
	if (cat_value == Qnil) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unknown category: %"PRIsVALUE, category);
	}
	return NUM2INT(cat_value);
	}

	void
	rb_warning_category_update(unsigned int mask, unsigned int bits)
	{
	warning_disabled_categories &= ~mask;
	warning_disabled_categories \|= mask & ~bits;
	}

	MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED bool
	rb_warning_category_enabled_p(rb_warning_category_t category)
	{
	return !(warning_disabled_categories & (1U << category));
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Warning[category] -> true or false
	*
	* Returns the flag to show the warning messages for +category+.
	* Supported categories are:
	*
	* +:deprecated+ :: deprecation warnings
	* * assignment of non-nil value to <code>$,</code> and <code>$;</code>
	* * keyword arguments
	* * proc/lambda without block
	* etc.
	*
	* +:experimental+ :: experimental features
	* * Pattern matching
	*/

	static VALUE
	rb_warning_s_aref(VALUE mod, VALUE category)
	{
	rb_warning_category_t cat = rb_warning_category_from_name(category);
	if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(cat))
	return Qtrue;
	return Qfalse;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Warning[category] = flag -> flag
	*
	* Sets the warning flags for +category+.
	* See Warning.[] for the categories.
	*/

	static VALUE
	rb_warning_s_aset(VALUE mod, VALUE category, VALUE flag)
	{
	unsigned int mask = rb_warning_category_mask(category);
	unsigned int disabled = warning_disabled_categories;
	if (!RTEST(flag))
	disabled \|= mask;
	else
	disabled &= ~mask;
	warning_disabled_categories = disabled;
	return flag;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* warn(msg, category: nil) -> nil
	*
	* Writes warning message +msg+ to $stderr. This method is called by
	* Ruby for all emitted warnings. A +category+ may be included with
	* the warning.
	*
	* See the documentation of the Warning module for how to customize this.
	*/

	static VALUE
	rb_warning_s_warn(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE mod)
	{
	VALUE str;
	VALUE opt;
	VALUE category = Qnil;

	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1:", &str, &opt);
	if (!NIL_P(opt)) rb_get_kwargs(opt, &id_category, 0, 1, &category);

	Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
	rb_must_asciicompat(str);
	if (!NIL_P(category)) {
	rb_warning_category_t cat = rb_warning_category_from_name(category);
	if (!rb_warning_category_enabled_p(cat)) return Qnil;
	}
	rb_write_error_str(str);
	return Qnil;
	}

	/*
	* Document-module: Warning
	*
	* The Warning module contains a single method named #warn, and the
	* module extends itself, making Warning.warn available.
	* Warning.warn is called for all warnings issued by Ruby.
	* By default, warnings are printed to $stderr.
	*
	* Changing the behavior of Warning.warn is useful to customize how warnings are
	* handled by Ruby, for instance by filtering some warnings, and/or outputting
	* warnings somewhere other than $stderr.
	*
	* If you want to change the behavior of Warning.warn you should use
	* +Warning.extend(MyNewModuleWithWarnMethod)+ and you can use `super`
	* to get the default behavior of printing the warning to $stderr.
	*
	* Example:
	* module MyWarningFilter
	* def warn(message, category: nil, **kwargs)
	* if /some warning I want to ignore/.matches?(message)
	* # ignore
	* else
	* super
	* end
	* end
	* end
	* Warning.extend MyWarningFilter
	*
	* You should never redefine Warning#warn (the instance method), as that will
	* then no longer provide a way to use the default behavior.
	*
	* The +warning+ gem provides convenient ways to customize Warning.warn.
	*/

	static VALUE
	rb_warning_warn(VALUE mod, VALUE str)
	{
	return rb_funcallv(mod, id_warn, 1, &str);
	}


	static int
	rb_warning_warn_arity(void)
	{
	return rb_method_entry_arity(rb_method_entry(rb_singleton_class(rb_mWarning), id_warn));
	}

	static VALUE
	rb_warn_category(VALUE str, VALUE category)
	{
	if (category != Qnil) {
	category = rb_to_symbol_type(category);
	if (!RTEST(rb_hash_aref(warning_categories, category))) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid warning category used: %s", rb_id2name(SYM2ID(category)));
	}
	}

	if (rb_warning_warn_arity() == 1) {
	return rb_warning_warn(rb_mWarning, str);
	}
	else {
	VALUE args[2];
	args[0] = str;
	args[1] = rb_hash_new();
	rb_hash_aset(args[1], sym_category, category);
	return rb_funcallv_kw(rb_mWarning, id_warn, 2, args, RB_PASS_KEYWORDS);
	}
	}

	static void
	rb_write_warning_str(VALUE str)
	{
	rb_warning_warn(rb_mWarning, str);
	}

	static VALUE
	warn_vsprintf(rb_encoding enc, const char file, int line, const char *fmt, va_list args)
	{
	VALUE str = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);

	err_vcatf(str, "warning: ", file, line, fmt, args);
	return rb_str_cat2(str, "\n");
	}

	void
	rb_compile_warn(const char file, int line, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	VALUE str;
	va_list args;

	if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	str = warn_vsprintf(NULL, file, line, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	rb_write_warning_str(str);
	}

	/* rb_compile_warning() reports only in verbose mode */
	void
	rb_compile_warning(const char file, int line, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	VALUE str;
	va_list args;

	if (!RTEST(ruby_verbose)) return;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	str = warn_vsprintf(NULL, file, line, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	rb_write_warning_str(str);
	}

	void
	rb_category_compile_warn(rb_warning_category_t category, const char file, int line, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	VALUE str;
	va_list args;

	if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	str = warn_vsprintf(NULL, file, line, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	rb_warn_category(str, rb_hash_fetch(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(category)));
	}

	static VALUE
	warning_string(rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, va_list args)
	{
	int line;
	const char *file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
	return warn_vsprintf(enc, file, line, fmt, args);
	}

	#define with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) \
	VALUE mesg; \
	va_list args; va_start(args, fmt); \
	mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args); \
	va_end(args);

	void
	rb_warn(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
	}
	}
	}

	void
	rb_category_warn(rb_warning_category_t category, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	rb_warn_category(mesg, rb_hash_fetch(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(category)));
	}
	}
	}

	void
	rb_enc_warn(rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
	rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
	}
	}
	}

	/* rb_warning() reports only in verbose mode */
	void
	rb_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
	}
	}
	}

	/* rb_category_warning() reports only in verbose mode */
	void
	rb_category_warning(rb_warning_category_t category, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	rb_warn_category(mesg, rb_hash_fetch(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(category)));
	}
	}
	}

	VALUE
	rb_warning_string(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	}
	return mesg;
	}

	#if 0
	void
	rb_enc_warning(rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
	rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
	}
	}
	}
	#endif

	void
	rb_warn_deprecated(const char fmt, const char suggest, ...)
	{
	if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
	if (!rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED)) return;
	va_list args;
	va_start(args, suggest);
	VALUE mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg) - 1);
	rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, " is deprecated");
	if (suggest) rb_str_catf(mesg, "; use %s instead", suggest);
	rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, "\n");
	rb_warn_category(mesg, ID2SYM(id_deprecated));
	}

	void
	rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove(const char fmt, const char removal, ...)
	{
	if (NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) return;
	if (!rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED)) return;
	va_list args;
	va_start(args, removal);
	VALUE mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg) - 1);
	rb_str_catf(mesg, " is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby %s\n", removal);
	rb_warn_category(mesg, ID2SYM(id_deprecated));
	}

	static inline int
	end_with_asciichar(VALUE str, int c)
	{
	return RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING) &&
	rb_str_end_with_asciichar(str, c);
	}

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	warning_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE buf)
	{
	while (argc-- > 0) {
	rb_str_append(buf, *argv++);
	}
	return buf;
	}

	VALUE rb_ec_backtrace_location_ary(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, long lev, long n, bool skip_internal);

	static VALUE
	rb_warn_m(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE exc, VALUE msgs, VALUE uplevel, VALUE category)
	{
	VALUE location = Qnil;
	int argc = RARRAY_LENINT(msgs);
	const VALUE *argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(msgs);

	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose) && argc > 0) {
	VALUE str = argv[0];
	if (!NIL_P(uplevel)) {
	long lev = NUM2LONG(uplevel);
	if (lev < 0) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative level (%ld)", lev);
	}
	location = rb_ec_backtrace_location_ary(ec, lev + 1, 1, TRUE);
	if (!NIL_P(location)) {
	location = rb_ary_entry(location, 0);
	}
	}
	if (argc > 1 \|\| !NIL_P(uplevel) \|\| !end_with_asciichar(str, '\n')) {
	VALUE path;
	if (NIL_P(uplevel)) {
	str = rb_str_tmp_new(0);
	}
	else if (NIL_P(location) \|\|
	NIL_P(path = rb_funcall(location, rb_intern("path"), 0))) {
	str = rb_str_new_cstr("warning: ");
	}
	else {
	str = rb_sprintf("%s:%ld: warning: ",
	rb_string_value_ptr(&path),
	NUM2LONG(rb_funcall(location, rb_intern("lineno"), 0)));
	}
	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(str, rb_cWarningBuffer);
	rb_io_puts(argc, argv, str);
	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(str, rb_cString);
	}

	if (exc == rb_mWarning) {
	rb_must_asciicompat(str);
	rb_write_error_str(str);
	}
	else {
	rb_warn_category(str, category);
	}
	}
	return Qnil;
	}

	#define MAX_BUG_REPORTERS 0x100

	static struct bug_reporters {
	void (func)(FILE out, void *data);
	void *data;
	} bug_reporters[MAX_BUG_REPORTERS];

	static int bug_reporters_size;

	int
	rb_bug_reporter_add(void (func)(FILE , void ), void data)
	{
	struct bug_reporters *reporter;
	if (bug_reporters_size >= MAX_BUG_REPORTERS) {
	return 0; /* failed to register */
	}
	reporter = &bug_reporters[bug_reporters_size++];
	reporter->func = func;
	reporter->data = data;

	return 1;
	}

	/* SIGSEGV handler might have a very small stack. Thus we need to use it carefully. */
	#define REPORT_BUG_BUFSIZ 256
	static FILE *
	bug_report_file(const char *file, int line)
	{
	char buf[REPORT_BUG_BUFSIZ];
	FILE *out = stderr;
	int len = err_position_0(buf, sizeof(buf), file, line);

	if ((ssize_t)fwrite(buf, 1, len, out) == (ssize_t)len \|\|
	(ssize_t)fwrite(buf, 1, len, (out = stdout)) == (ssize_t)len) {
	return out;
	}

	return NULL;
	}

	FUNC_MINIMIZED(static void bug_important_message(FILE out, const char const msg, size_t len));

	static void
	bug_important_message(FILE out, const char const msg, size_t len)
	{
	const char *const endmsg = msg + len;
	const char *p = msg;

	if (!len) return;
	if (isatty(fileno(out))) {
	static const char red[] = "\033[;31;1;7m";
	static const char green[] = "\033[;32;7m";
	static const char reset[] = "\033[m";
	const char *e = strchr(p, '\n');
	const int w = (int)(e - p);
	do {
	int i = (int)(e - p);
	fputs(*p == ' ' ? green : red, out);
	fwrite(p, 1, e - p, out);
	for (; i < w; ++i) fputc(' ', out);
	fputs(reset, out);
	fputc('\n', out);
	} while ((p = e + 1) < endmsg && (e = strchr(p, '\n')) != 0 && e > p + 1);
	}
	fwrite(p, 1, endmsg - p, out);
	}

	static void
	preface_dump(FILE *out)
	{
	#if defined __APPLE__
	static const char msg[] = ""
	"-- Crash Report log information "
	"--------------------------------------------\n"
	" See Crash Report log file under the one of following:\n"
	# if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6
	" * ~/Library/Logs/CrashReporter\n"
	" * /Library/Logs/CrashReporter\n"
	# endif
	" * ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports\n"
	" * /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports\n"
	" for more details.\n"
	"Don't forget to include the above Crash Report log file in bug reports.\n"
	"\n";
	const size_t msglen = sizeof(msg) - 1;
	#else
	const char *msg = NULL;
	const size_t msglen = 0;
	#endif
	bug_important_message(out, msg, msglen);
	}

	static void
	postscript_dump(FILE *out)
	{
	#if defined __APPLE__
	static const char msg[] = ""
	"[IMPORTANT]"
	/" ------------------------------------------------"/
	"\n""Don't forget to include the Crash Report log file under\n"
	# if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6
	"CrashReporter or "
	# endif
	"DiagnosticReports directory in bug reports.\n"
	/"------------------------------------------------------------\n"/
	"\n";
	const size_t msglen = sizeof(msg) - 1;
	#else
	const char *msg = NULL;
	const size_t msglen = 0;
	#endif
	bug_important_message(out, msg, msglen);
	}

	static void
	bug_report_begin_valist(FILE out, const char fmt, va_list args)
	{
	char buf[REPORT_BUG_BUFSIZ];

	fputs("[BUG] ", out);
	vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
	fputs(buf, out);
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\n%s\n\n", ruby_description);
	fputs(buf, out);
	preface_dump(out);
	}

	#define bug_report_begin(out, fmt) do { \
	va_list args; \
	va_start(args, fmt); \
	bug_report_begin_valist(out, fmt, args); \
	va_end(args); \
	} while (0)

	static void
	bug_report_end(FILE *out)
	{
	/* call additional bug reporters */
	{
	int i;
	for (i=0; i<bug_reporters_size; i++) {
	struct bug_reporters *reporter = &bug_reporters[i];
	(*reporter->func)(out, reporter->data);
	}
	}
	postscript_dump(out);
	}

	#define report_bug(file, line, fmt, ctx) do { \
	FILE *out = bug_report_file(file, line); \
	if (out) { \
	bug_report_begin(out, fmt); \
	rb_vm_bugreport(ctx); \
	bug_report_end(out); \
	} \
	} while (0) \

	#define report_bug_valist(file, line, fmt, ctx, args) do { \
	FILE *out = bug_report_file(file, line); \
	if (out) { \
	bug_report_begin_valist(out, fmt, args); \
	rb_vm_bugreport(ctx); \
	bug_report_end(out); \
	} \
	} while (0) \

	NORETURN(static void die(void));
	static void
	die(void)
	{
	#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION) && RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION >= 80
	_set_abort_behavior( 0, _CALL_REPORTFAULT);
	#endif

	abort();
	}

	void
	rb_bug_without_die(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	const char *file = NULL;
	int line = 0;

	if (GET_EC()) {
	file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
	}

	report_bug(file, line, fmt, NULL);
	}

	void
	rb_bug(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	va_list args;
	va_start(args, fmt);
	rb_bug_without_die(fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	die();
	}

	void
	rb_bug_for_fatal_signal(ruby_sighandler_t default_sighandler, int sig, const void ctx, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	const char *file = NULL;
	int line = 0;

	if (GET_EC()) {
	file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
	}

	report_bug(file, line, fmt, ctx);

	if (default_sighandler) default_sighandler(sig);

	die();
	}


	void
	rb_bug_errno(const char *mesg, int errno_arg)
	{
	if (errno_arg == 0)
	rb_bug("%s: errno == 0 (NOERROR)", mesg);
	else {
	const char *errno_str = rb_strerrno(errno_arg);
	if (errno_str)
	rb_bug("%s: %s (%s)", mesg, strerror(errno_arg), errno_str);
	else
	rb_bug("%s: %s (%d)", mesg, strerror(errno_arg), errno_arg);
	}
	}

	/*
	* this is safe to call inside signal handler and timer thread
	* (which isn't a Ruby Thread object)
	*/
	#define write_or_abort(fd, str, len) (write((fd), (str), (len)) < 0 ? abort() : (void)0)
	#define WRITE_CONST(fd,str) write_or_abort((fd),(str),sizeof(str) - 1)

	void
	rb_async_bug_errno(const char *mesg, int errno_arg)
	{
	WRITE_CONST(2, "[ASYNC BUG] ");
	write_or_abort(2, mesg, strlen(mesg));
	WRITE_CONST(2, "\n");

	if (errno_arg == 0) {
	WRITE_CONST(2, "errno == 0 (NOERROR)\n");
	}
	else {
	const char *errno_str = rb_strerrno(errno_arg);

	if (!errno_str)
	errno_str = "undefined errno";
	write_or_abort(2, errno_str, strlen(errno_str));
	}
	WRITE_CONST(2, "\n\n");
	write_or_abort(2, ruby_description, strlen(ruby_description));
	abort();
	}

	void
	rb_report_bug_valist(VALUE file, int line, const char *fmt, va_list args)
	{
	report_bug_valist(RSTRING_PTR(file), line, fmt, NULL, args);
	}

	MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED void
	rb_assert_failure(const char file, int line, const char name, const char *expr)
	{
	FILE *out = stderr;
	fprintf(out, "Assertion Failed: %s:%d:", file, line);
	if (name) fprintf(out, "%s:", name);
	fprintf(out, "%s\n%s\n\n", expr, ruby_description);
	preface_dump(out);
	rb_vm_bugreport(NULL);
	bug_report_end(out);
	die();
	}

	static const char builtin_types[][10] = {
	"", /* 0x00, */
	"Object",
	"Class",
	"Module",
	"Float",
	"String",
	"Regexp",
	"Array",
	"Hash",
	"Struct",
	"Integer",
	"File",
	"Data", /* internal use: wrapped C pointers */
	"MatchData", /* data of $~ */
	"Complex",
	"Rational",
	"", /* 0x10 */
	"nil",
	"true",
	"false",
	"Symbol", /* :symbol */
	"Integer",
	"undef", /* internal use: #undef; should not happen */
	"", /* 0x17 */
	"", /* 0x18 */
	"", /* 0x19 */
	"Memo", /* internal use: general memo */
	"Node", /* internal use: syntax tree node */
	"iClass", /* internal use: mixed-in module holder */
	};

	const char *
	rb_builtin_type_name(int t)
	{
	const char *name;
	if ((unsigned int)t >= numberof(builtin_types)) return 0;
	name = builtin_types[t];
	if (*name) return name;
	return 0;
	}

	static VALUE
	displaying_class_of(VALUE x)
	{
	switch (x) {
	case Qfalse: return rb_fstring_cstr("false");
	case Qnil: return rb_fstring_cstr("nil");
	case Qtrue: return rb_fstring_cstr("true");
	default: return rb_obj_class(x);
	}
	}

	static const char *
	builtin_class_name(VALUE x)
	{
	const char *etype;

	if (NIL_P(x)) {
	etype = "nil";
	}
	else if (FIXNUM_P(x)) {
	etype = "Integer";
	}
	else if (SYMBOL_P(x)) {
	etype = "Symbol";
	}
	else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_TRUE)) {
	etype = "true";
	}
	else if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_FALSE)) {
	etype = "false";
	}
	else {
	etype = NULL;
	}
	return etype;
	}

	const char *
	rb_builtin_class_name(VALUE x)
	{
	const char *etype = builtin_class_name(x);

	if (!etype) {
	etype = rb_obj_classname(x);
	}
	return etype;
	}

	NORETURN(static void unexpected_type(VALUE, int, int));
	#define UNDEF_LEAKED "undef leaked to the Ruby space"

	static void
	unexpected_type(VALUE x, int xt, int t)
	{
	const char *tname = rb_builtin_type_name(t);
	VALUE mesg, exc = rb_eFatal;

	if (tname) {
	mesg = rb_sprintf("wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
	displaying_class_of(x), tname);
	exc = rb_eTypeError;
	}
	else if (xt > T_MASK && xt <= 0x3f) {
	mesg = rb_sprintf("unknown type 0x%x (0x%x given, probably comes"
	" from extension library for ruby 1.8)", t, xt);
	}
	else {
	mesg = rb_sprintf("unknown type 0x%x (0x%x given)", t, xt);
	}
	rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new_str(exc, mesg));
	}

	void
	rb_check_type(VALUE x, int t)
	{
	int xt;

	if (x == Qundef) {
	rb_bug(UNDEF_LEAKED);
	}

	xt = TYPE(x);
	if (xt != t \|\| (xt == T_DATA && RTYPEDDATA_P(x))) {
	unexpected_type(x, xt, t);
	}
	}

	void
	rb_unexpected_type(VALUE x, int t)
	{
	if (x == Qundef) {
	rb_bug(UNDEF_LEAKED);
	}

	unexpected_type(x, TYPE(x), t);
	}

	int
	rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t child, const rb_data_type_t parent)
	{
	while (child) {
	if (child == parent) return 1;
	child = child->parent;
	}
	return 0;
	}

	int
	rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
	{
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA) \|\|
	!RTYPEDDATA_P(obj) \|\| !rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type)) {
	return 0;
	}
	return 1;
	}

	#undef rb_typeddata_is_instance_of
	int
	rb_typeddata_is_instance_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
	{
	return rb_typeddata_is_instance_of_inline(obj, data_type);
	}

	void *
	rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type)
	{
	VALUE actual;

	if (!RB_TYPE_P(obj, T_DATA)) {
	actual = displaying_class_of(obj);
	}
	else if (!RTYPEDDATA_P(obj)) {
	actual = displaying_class_of(obj);
	}
	else if (!rb_typeddata_inherited_p(RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj), data_type)) {
	const char *name = RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(obj)->wrap_struct_name;
	actual = rb_str_new_cstr(name); /* or rb_fstring_cstr? not sure... */
	}
	else {
	return DATA_PTR(obj);
	}

	const char *expected = data_type->wrap_struct_name;
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected %s)",
	actual, expected);
	UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
	}

	/* exception classes */
	VALUE rb_eException;
	VALUE rb_eSystemExit;
	VALUE rb_eInterrupt;
	VALUE rb_eSignal;
	VALUE rb_eFatal;
	VALUE rb_eStandardError;
	VALUE rb_eRuntimeError;
	VALUE rb_eFrozenError;
	VALUE rb_eTypeError;
	VALUE rb_eArgError;
	VALUE rb_eIndexError;
	VALUE rb_eKeyError;
	VALUE rb_eRangeError;
	VALUE rb_eNameError;
	VALUE rb_eEncodingError;
	VALUE rb_eEncCompatError;
	VALUE rb_eNoMethodError;
	VALUE rb_eSecurityError;
	VALUE rb_eNotImpError;
	VALUE rb_eNoMemError;
	VALUE rb_cNameErrorMesg;
	VALUE rb_eNoMatchingPatternError;

	VALUE rb_eScriptError;
	VALUE rb_eSyntaxError;
	VALUE rb_eLoadError;

	VALUE rb_eSystemCallError;
	VALUE rb_mErrno;
	static VALUE rb_eNOERROR;

	ID ruby_static_id_cause;
	#define id_cause ruby_static_id_cause
	static ID id_message, id_backtrace;
	static ID id_key, id_args, id_Errno, id_errno, id_i_path;
	static ID id_receiver, id_recv, id_iseq, id_local_variables;
	static ID id_private_call_p, id_top, id_bottom;
	#define id_bt idBt
	#define id_bt_locations idBt_locations
	#define id_mesg idMesg
	#define id_name idName

	#undef rb_exc_new_cstr

	VALUE
	rb_exc_new(VALUE etype, const char *ptr, long len)
	{
	VALUE mesg = rb_str_new(ptr, len);
	return rb_class_new_instance(1, &mesg, etype);
	}

	VALUE
	rb_exc_new_cstr(VALUE etype, const char *s)
	{
	return rb_exc_new(etype, s, strlen(s));
	}

	VALUE
	rb_exc_new_str(VALUE etype, VALUE str)
	{
	StringValue(str);
	return rb_class_new_instance(1, &str, etype);
	}

	static VALUE
	exc_init(VALUE exc, VALUE mesg)
	{
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, mesg);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, Qnil);

	return exc;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Exception.new(msg = nil) -> exception
	* Exception.exception(msg = nil) -> exception
	*
	* Construct a new Exception object, optionally passing in
	* a message.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE arg;

	arg = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? Qnil : argv[0]);
	return exc_init(exc, arg);
	}

	/*
	* Document-method: exception
	*
	* call-seq:
	* exc.exception([string]) -> an_exception or exc
	*
	* With no argument, or if the argument is the same as the receiver,
	* return the receiver. Otherwise, create a new
	* exception object of the same class as the receiver, but with a
	* message equal to <code>string.to_str</code>.
	*
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_exception(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
	{
	VALUE exc;

	argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
	if (argc == 0) return self;
	if (argc == 1 && self == argv[0]) return self;
	exc = rb_obj_clone(self);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, argv[0]);
	return exc;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exception.to_s -> string
	*
	* Returns exception's message (or the name of the exception if
	* no message is set).
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_to_s(VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, idMesg);

	if (NIL_P(mesg)) return rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(exc));
	return rb_String(mesg);
	}

	/* FIXME: Include eval_error.c */
	void rb_error_write(VALUE errinfo, VALUE emesg, VALUE errat, VALUE str, VALUE highlight, VALUE reverse);

	VALUE
	rb_get_message(VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE e = rb_check_funcall(exc, id_message, 0, 0);
	if (e == Qundef) return Qnil;
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(e, T_STRING)) e = rb_check_string_type(e);
	return e;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* Exception.to_tty? -> true or false
	*
	* Returns +true+ if exception messages will be sent to a tty.
	*/
	static VALUE
	exc_s_to_tty_p(VALUE self)
	{
	return rb_stderr_tty_p() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exception.full_message(highlight: bool, order: [:top or :bottom]) -> string
	*
	* Returns formatted string of _exception_.
	* The returned string is formatted using the same format that Ruby uses
	* when printing an uncaught exceptions to stderr.
	*
	* If _highlight_ is +true+ the default error handler will send the
	* messages to a tty.
	*
	* _order_ must be either of +:top+ or +:bottom+, and places the error
	* message and the innermost backtrace come at the top or the bottom.
	*
	* The default values of these options depend on <code>$stderr</code>
	* and its +tty?+ at the timing of a call.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_full_message(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE opt, str, emesg, errat;
	enum {kw_highlight, kw_order, kw_max_};
	static ID kw[kw_max_];
	VALUE args[kw_max_] = {Qnil, Qnil};

	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0:", &opt);
	if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
	if (!kw[0]) {
	#define INIT_KW(n) kw[kw_##n] = rb_intern_const(#n)
	INIT_KW(highlight);
	INIT_KW(order);
	#undef INIT_KW
	}
	rb_get_kwargs(opt, kw, 0, kw_max_, args);
	switch (args[kw_highlight]) {
	default:
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected true or false as "
	"highlight: %+"PRIsVALUE, args[kw_highlight]);
	case Qundef: args[kw_highlight] = Qnil; break;
	case Qtrue: case Qfalse: case Qnil: break;
	}
	if (args[kw_order] == Qundef) {
	args[kw_order] = Qnil;
	}
	else {
	ID id = rb_check_id(&args[kw_order]);
	if (id == id_bottom) args[kw_order] = Qtrue;
	else if (id == id_top) args[kw_order] = Qfalse;
	else {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected :top or :bottom as "
	"order: %+"PRIsVALUE, args[kw_order]);
	}
	}
	}
	str = rb_str_new2("");
	errat = rb_get_backtrace(exc);
	emesg = rb_get_message(exc);

	rb_error_write(exc, emesg, errat, str, args[kw_highlight], args[kw_order]);
	return str;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exception.message -> string
	*
	* Returns the result of invoking <code>exception.to_s</code>.
	* Normally this returns the exception's message or name.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_message(VALUE exc)
	{
	return rb_funcallv(exc, idTo_s, 0, 0);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exception.inspect -> string
	*
	* Return this exception's class name and message.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE str, klass;

	klass = CLASS_OF(exc);
	exc = rb_obj_as_string(exc);
	if (RSTRING_LEN(exc) == 0) {
	return rb_class_name(klass);
	}

	str = rb_str_buf_new2("#<");
	klass = rb_class_name(klass);
	rb_str_buf_append(str, klass);
	rb_str_buf_cat(str, ": ", 2);
	rb_str_buf_append(str, exc);
	rb_str_buf_cat(str, ">", 1);

	return str;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exception.backtrace -> array or nil
	*
	* Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. The backtrace
	* is an array of strings, each containing either ``filename:lineNo: in
	* `method''' or ``filename:lineNo.''
	*
	* def a
	* raise "boom"
	* end
	*
	* def b
	* a()
	* end
	*
	* begin
	* b()
	* rescue => detail
	* print detail.backtrace.join("\n")
	* end
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* prog.rb:2:in `a'
	* prog.rb:6:in `b'
	* prog.rb:10
	*
	* In the case no backtrace has been set, +nil+ is returned
	*
	* ex = StandardError.new
	* ex.backtrace
	* #=> nil
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_backtrace(VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE obj;

	obj = rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt);

	if (rb_backtrace_p(obj)) {
	obj = rb_backtrace_to_str_ary(obj);
	/* rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, obj); */
	}

	return obj;
	}

	static VALUE rb_check_backtrace(VALUE);

	VALUE
	rb_get_backtrace(VALUE exc)
	{
	ID mid = id_backtrace;
	VALUE info;
	if (rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(exc), id_backtrace)) {
	VALUE klass = rb_eException;
	rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
	if (NIL_P(exc))
	return Qnil;
	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_C_CALL, exc, mid, mid, klass, Qundef);
	info = exc_backtrace(exc);
	EXEC_EVENT_HOOK(ec, RUBY_EVENT_C_RETURN, exc, mid, mid, klass, info);
	}
	else {
	info = rb_funcallv(exc, mid, 0, 0);
	}
	if (NIL_P(info)) return Qnil;
	return rb_check_backtrace(info);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exception.backtrace_locations -> array or nil
	*
	* Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. This method is
	* similar to Exception#backtrace, but the backtrace is an array of
	* Thread::Backtrace::Location.
	*
	* This method is not affected by Exception#set_backtrace().
	*/
	static VALUE
	exc_backtrace_locations(VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE obj;

	obj = rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt_locations);
	if (!NIL_P(obj)) {
	obj = rb_backtrace_to_location_ary(obj);
	}
	return obj;
	}

	static VALUE
	rb_check_backtrace(VALUE bt)
	{
	long i;
	static const char err[] = "backtrace must be Array of String";

	if (!NIL_P(bt)) {
	if (RB_TYPE_P(bt, T_STRING)) return rb_ary_new3(1, bt);
	if (rb_backtrace_p(bt)) return bt;
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(bt, T_ARRAY)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, err);
	}
	for (i=0;i<RARRAY_LEN(bt);i++) {
	VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(bt, i);
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(e, T_STRING)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, err);
	}
	}
	}
	return bt;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exc.set_backtrace(backtrace) -> array
	*
	* Sets the backtrace information associated with +exc+. The +backtrace+ must
	* be an array of String objects or a single String in the format described
	* in Exception#backtrace.
	*
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt)
	{
	return rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, rb_check_backtrace(bt));
	}

	MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
	rb_exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt)
	{
	return exc_set_backtrace(exc, bt);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exception.cause -> an_exception or nil
	*
	* Returns the previous exception ($!) at the time this exception was raised.
	* This is useful for wrapping exceptions and retaining the original exception
	* information.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_cause(VALUE exc)
	{
	return rb_attr_get(exc, id_cause);
	}

	static VALUE
	try_convert_to_exception(VALUE obj)
	{
	return rb_check_funcall(obj, idException, 0, 0);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* exc == obj -> true or false
	*
	* Equality---If <i>obj</i> is not an Exception, returns
	* <code>false</code>. Otherwise, returns <code>true</code> if <i>exc</i> and
	* <i>obj</i> share same class, messages, and backtrace.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exc_equal(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
	{
	VALUE mesg, backtrace;

	if (exc == obj) return Qtrue;

	if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) {
	int state;

	obj = rb_protect(try_convert_to_exception, obj, &state);
	if (state \|\| obj == Qundef) {
	rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
	return Qfalse;
	}
	if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) return Qfalse;
	mesg = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_message, 0, 0);
	if (mesg == Qundef) return Qfalse;
	backtrace = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_backtrace, 0, 0);
	if (backtrace == Qundef) return Qfalse;
	}
	else {
	mesg = rb_attr_get(obj, id_mesg);
	backtrace = exc_backtrace(obj);
	}

	if (!rb_equal(rb_attr_get(exc, id_mesg), mesg))
	return Qfalse;
	if (!rb_equal(exc_backtrace(exc), backtrace))
	return Qfalse;
	return Qtrue;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* SystemExit.new -> system_exit
	* SystemExit.new(status) -> system_exit
	* SystemExit.new(status, msg) -> system_exit
	* SystemExit.new(msg) -> system_exit
	*
	* Create a new +SystemExit+ exception with the given status and message.
	* Status is true, false, or an integer.
	* If status is not given, true is used.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exit_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE status;
	if (argc > 0) {
	status = *argv;

	switch (status) {
	case Qtrue:
	status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
	++argv;
	--argc;
	break;
	case Qfalse:
	status = INT2FIX(EXIT_FAILURE);
	++argv;
	--argc;
	break;
	default:
	status = rb_check_to_int(status);
	if (NIL_P(status)) {
	status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
	}
	else {
	#if EXIT_SUCCESS != 0
	if (status == INT2FIX(0))
	status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
	#endif
	++argv;
	--argc;
	}
	break;
	}
	}
	else {
	status = INT2FIX(EXIT_SUCCESS);
	}
	rb_call_super(argc, argv);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_status, status);
	return exc;
	}


	/*
	* call-seq:
	* system_exit.status -> integer
	*
	* Return the status value associated with this system exit.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exit_status(VALUE exc)
	{
	return rb_attr_get(exc, id_status);
	}


	/*
	* call-seq:
	* system_exit.success? -> true or false
	*
	* Returns +true+ if exiting successful, +false+ if not.
	*/

	static VALUE
	exit_success_p(VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE status_val = rb_attr_get(exc, id_status);
	int status;

	if (NIL_P(status_val))
	return Qtrue;
	status = NUM2INT(status_val);
	if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == EXIT_SUCCESS)
	return Qtrue;

	return Qfalse;
	}

	static VALUE
	err_init_recv(VALUE exc, VALUE recv)
	{
	if (recv != Qundef) rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, recv);
	return exc;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* FrozenError.new(msg=nil, receiver: nil) -> frozen_error
	*
	* Construct a new FrozenError exception. If given the <i>receiver</i>
	* parameter may subsequently be examined using the FrozenError#receiver
	* method.
	*
	* a = [].freeze
	* raise FrozenError.new("can't modify frozen array", receiver: a)
	*/

	static VALUE
	frozen_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
	{
	ID keywords[1];
	VALUE values[numberof(keywords)], options;

	argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &options);
	keywords[0] = id_receiver;
	rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
	rb_call_super(argc, argv);
	err_init_recv(self, values[0]);
	return self;
	}

	/*
	* Document-method: FrozenError#receiver
	* call-seq:
	* frozen_error.receiver -> object
	*
	* Return the receiver associated with this FrozenError exception.
	*/

	#define frozen_err_receiver name_err_receiver

	void
	rb_name_error(ID id, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	VALUE exc, argv[2];
	va_list args;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	argv[0] = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
	va_end(args);

	argv[1] = ID2SYM(id);
	exc = rb_class_new_instance(2, argv, rb_eNameError);
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	void
	rb_name_error_str(VALUE str, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	VALUE exc, argv[2];
	va_list args;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	argv[0] = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
	va_end(args);

	argv[1] = str;
	exc = rb_class_new_instance(2, argv, rb_eNameError);
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	static VALUE
	name_err_init_attr(VALUE exc, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
	{
	const rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
	rb_control_frame_t *cfp = RUBY_VM_PREVIOUS_CONTROL_FRAME(ec->cfp);
	cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, cfp);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_name, method);
	err_init_recv(exc, recv);
	if (cfp) rb_ivar_set(exc, id_iseq, rb_iseqw_new(cfp->iseq));
	return exc;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* NameError.new(msg=nil, name=nil, receiver: nil) -> name_error
	*
	* Construct a new NameError exception. If given the <i>name</i>
	* parameter may subsequently be examined using the NameError#name
	* method. <i>receiver</i> parameter allows to pass object in
	* context of which the error happened. Example:
	*
	* [1, 2, 3].method(:rject) # NameError with name "rject" and receiver: Array
	* [1, 2, 3].singleton_method(:rject) # NameError with name "rject" and receiver: [1, 2, 3]
	*/

	static VALUE
	name_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
	{
	ID keywords[1];
	VALUE values[numberof(keywords)], name, options;

	argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &options);
	keywords[0] = id_receiver;
	rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
	name = (argc > 1) ? argv[--argc] : Qnil;
	rb_call_super(argc, argv);
	name_err_init_attr(self, values[0], name);
	return self;
	}

	static VALUE rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method);

	static VALUE
	name_err_init(VALUE exc, VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
	{
	exc_init(exc, rb_name_err_mesg_new(mesg, recv, method));
	return name_err_init_attr(exc, recv, method);
	}

	VALUE
	rb_name_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
	{
	VALUE exc = rb_obj_alloc(rb_eNameError);
	return name_err_init(exc, mesg, recv, method);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* name_error.name -> string or nil
	*
	* Return the name associated with this NameError exception.
	*/

	static VALUE
	name_err_name(VALUE self)
	{
	return rb_attr_get(self, id_name);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* name_error.local_variables -> array
	*
	* Return a list of the local variable names defined where this
	* NameError exception was raised.
	*
	* Internal use only.
	*/

	static VALUE
	name_err_local_variables(VALUE self)
	{
	VALUE vars = rb_attr_get(self, id_local_variables);

	if (NIL_P(vars)) {
	VALUE iseqw = rb_attr_get(self, id_iseq);
	if (!NIL_P(iseqw)) vars = rb_iseqw_local_variables(iseqw);
	if (NIL_P(vars)) vars = rb_ary_new();
	rb_ivar_set(self, id_local_variables, vars);
	}
	return vars;
	}

	static VALUE
	nometh_err_init_attr(VALUE exc, VALUE args, int priv)
	{
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_args, args);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_private_call_p, priv ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
	return exc;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* NoMethodError.new(msg=nil, name=nil, args=nil, private=false, receiver: nil) -> no_method_error
	*
	* Construct a NoMethodError exception for a method of the given name
	* called with the given arguments. The name may be accessed using
	* the <code>#name</code> method on the resulting object, and the
	* arguments using the <code>#args</code> method.
	*
	* If <i>private</i> argument were passed, it designates method was
	* attempted to call in private context, and can be accessed with
	* <code>#private_call?</code> method.
	*
	* <i>receiver</i> argument stores an object whose method was called.
	*/

	static VALUE
	nometh_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
	{
	int priv;
	VALUE args, options;
	argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &options);
	priv = (argc > 3) && (--argc, RTEST(argv[argc]));
	args = (argc > 2) ? argv[--argc] : Qnil;
	if (!NIL_P(options)) argv[argc++] = options;
	rb_call_super_kw(argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
	return nometh_err_init_attr(self, args, priv);
	}

	VALUE
	rb_nomethod_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method, VALUE args, int priv)
	{
	VALUE exc = rb_obj_alloc(rb_eNoMethodError);
	name_err_init(exc, mesg, recv, method);
	return nometh_err_init_attr(exc, args, priv);
	}

	/* :nodoc: */
	enum {
	NAME_ERR_MESG__MESG,
	NAME_ERR_MESG__RECV,
	NAME_ERR_MESG__NAME,
	NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT
	};

	static void
	name_err_mesg_mark(void *p)
	{
	VALUE *ptr = p;
	rb_gc_mark_locations(ptr, ptr+NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT);
	}

	#define name_err_mesg_free RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE

	static size_t
	name_err_mesg_memsize(const void *p)
	{
	return NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT * sizeof(VALUE);
	}

	static const rb_data_type_t name_err_mesg_data_type = {
	"name_err_mesg",
	{
	name_err_mesg_mark,
	name_err_mesg_free,
	name_err_mesg_memsize,
	},
	0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
	};

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	rb_name_err_mesg_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
	{
	VALUE result = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_cNameErrorMesg, &name_err_mesg_data_type, 0);
	VALUE *ptr = ALLOC_N(VALUE, NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT);

	ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__MESG] = mesg;
	ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__RECV] = recv;
	ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__NAME] = method;
	RTYPEDDATA_DATA(result) = ptr;
	return result;
	}

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	name_err_mesg_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
	{
	VALUE ptr1, ptr2;
	int i;

	if (obj1 == obj2) return Qtrue;
	if (rb_obj_class(obj2) != rb_cNameErrorMesg)
	return Qfalse;

	TypedData_Get_Struct(obj1, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr1);
	TypedData_Get_Struct(obj2, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr2);
	for (i=0; i<NAME_ERR_MESG_COUNT; i++) {
	if (!rb_equal(ptr1[i], ptr2[i]))
	return Qfalse;
	}
	return Qtrue;
	}

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	name_err_mesg_receiver_name(VALUE obj)
	{
	if (RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) return Qundef;
	if (RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_MODULE \|\| RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_CLASS) {
	return rb_check_funcall(obj, rb_intern("name"), 0, 0);
	}
	return Qundef;
	}

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	name_err_mesg_to_str(VALUE obj)
	{
	VALUE *ptr, mesg;
	TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, VALUE, &name_err_mesg_data_type, ptr);

	mesg = ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__MESG];
	if (NIL_P(mesg)) return Qnil;
	else {
	struct RString s_str, d_str;
	VALUE c, s, d = 0, args[4];
	int state = 0, singleton = 0;
	rb_encoding *usascii = rb_usascii_encoding();

	#define FAKE_CSTR(v, str) rb_setup_fake_str((v), (str), rb_strlen_lit(str), usascii)
	obj = ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__RECV];
	switch (obj) {
	case Qnil:
	d = FAKE_CSTR(&d_str, "nil");
	break;
	case Qtrue:
	d = FAKE_CSTR(&d_str, "true");
	break;
	case Qfalse:
	d = FAKE_CSTR(&d_str, "false");
	break;
	default:
	d = rb_protect(name_err_mesg_receiver_name, obj, &state);
	if (state \|\| d == Qundef \|\| d == Qnil)
	d = rb_protect(rb_inspect, obj, &state);
	if (state)
	rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
	if (NIL_P(d)) {
	d = rb_any_to_s(obj);
	}
	singleton = (RSTRING_LEN(d) > 0 && RSTRING_PTR(d)[0] == '#');
	break;
	}
	if (!singleton) {
	s = FAKE_CSTR(&s_str, ":");
	c = rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(obj));
	}
	else {
	c = s = FAKE_CSTR(&s_str, "");
	}
	args[0] = rb_obj_as_string(ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__NAME]);
	args[1] = d;
	args[2] = s;
	args[3] = c;
	mesg = rb_str_format(4, args, mesg);
	}
	return mesg;
	}

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	name_err_mesg_dump(VALUE obj, VALUE limit)
	{
	return name_err_mesg_to_str(obj);
	}

	/* :nodoc: */
	static VALUE
	name_err_mesg_load(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
	{
	return str;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* name_error.receiver -> object
	*
	* Return the receiver associated with this NameError exception.
	*/

	static VALUE
	name_err_receiver(VALUE self)
	{
	VALUE *ptr, recv, mesg;

	recv = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_recv, Qundef);
	if (recv != Qundef) return recv;

	mesg = rb_attr_get(self, id_mesg);
	if (!rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(mesg, &name_err_mesg_data_type)) {
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no receiver is available");
	}
	ptr = DATA_PTR(mesg);
	return ptr[NAME_ERR_MESG__RECV];
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* no_method_error.args -> obj
	*
	* Return the arguments passed in as the third parameter to
	* the constructor.
	*/

	static VALUE
	nometh_err_args(VALUE self)
	{
	return rb_attr_get(self, id_args);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* no_method_error.private_call? -> true or false
	*
	* Return true if the caused method was called as private.
	*/

	static VALUE
	nometh_err_private_call_p(VALUE self)
	{
	return rb_attr_get(self, id_private_call_p);
	}

	void
	rb_invalid_str(const char str, const char type)
	{
	VALUE s = rb_str_new2(str);

	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for %s: %+"PRIsVALUE, type, s);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* key_error.receiver -> object
	*
	* Return the receiver associated with this KeyError exception.
	*/

	static VALUE
	key_err_receiver(VALUE self)
	{
	VALUE recv;

	recv = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_receiver, Qundef);
	if (recv != Qundef) return recv;
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no receiver is available");
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* key_error.key -> object
	*
	* Return the key caused this KeyError exception.
	*/

	static VALUE
	key_err_key(VALUE self)
	{
	VALUE key;

	key = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_key, Qundef);
	if (key != Qundef) return key;
	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no key is available");
	}

	VALUE
	rb_key_err_new(VALUE mesg, VALUE recv, VALUE key)
	{
	VALUE exc = rb_obj_alloc(rb_eKeyError);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, mesg);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, Qnil);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_key, key);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_receiver, recv);
	return exc;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* KeyError.new(message=nil, receiver: nil, key: nil) -> key_error
	*
	* Construct a new +KeyError+ exception with the given message,
	* receiver and key.
	*/

	static VALUE
	key_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
	{
	VALUE options;

	rb_call_super(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01:", NULL, &options), argv);

	if (!NIL_P(options)) {
	ID keywords[2];
	VALUE values[numberof(keywords)];
	int i;
	keywords[0] = id_receiver;
	keywords[1] = id_key;
	rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
	for (i = 0; i < numberof(values); ++i) {
	if (values[i] != Qundef) {
	rb_ivar_set(self, keywords[i], values[i]);
	}
	}
	}

	return self;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* SyntaxError.new([msg]) -> syntax_error
	*
	* Construct a SyntaxError exception.
	*/

	static VALUE
	syntax_error_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
	{
	VALUE mesg;
	if (argc == 0) {
	mesg = rb_fstring_lit("compile error");
	argc = 1;
	argv = &mesg;
	}
	return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
	}

	/*
	* Document-module: Errno
	*
	* Ruby exception objects are subclasses of Exception. However,
	* operating systems typically report errors using plain
	* integers. Module Errno is created dynamically to map these
	* operating system errors to Ruby classes, with each error number
	* generating its own subclass of SystemCallError. As the subclass
	* is created in module Errno, its name will start
	* <code>Errno::</code>.
	*
	* The names of the <code>Errno::</code> classes depend on the
	* environment in which Ruby runs. On a typical Unix or Windows
	* platform, there are Errno classes such as Errno::EACCES,
	* Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EINTR, and so on.
	*
	* The integer operating system error number corresponding to a
	* particular error is available as the class constant
	* <code>Errno::</code><em>error</em><code>::Errno</code>.
	*
	* Errno::EACCES::Errno #=> 13
	* Errno::EAGAIN::Errno #=> 11
	* Errno::EINTR::Errno #=> 4
	*
	* The full list of operating system errors on your particular platform
	* are available as the constants of Errno.
	*
	* Errno.constants #=> :E2BIG, :EACCES, :EADDRINUSE, :EADDRNOTAVAIL, ...
	*/

	static st_table *syserr_tbl;

	static VALUE
	set_syserr(int n, const char *name)
	{
	st_data_t error;

	if (!st_lookup(syserr_tbl, n, &error)) {
	error = rb_define_class_under(rb_mErrno, name, rb_eSystemCallError);

	/* capture nonblock errnos for WaitReadable/WaitWritable subclasses */
	switch (n) {
	case EAGAIN:
	rb_eEAGAIN = error;

	#if defined(EWOULDBLOCK) && EWOULDBLOCK != EAGAIN
	break;
	case EWOULDBLOCK:
	#endif

	rb_eEWOULDBLOCK = error;
	break;
	case EINPROGRESS:
	rb_eEINPROGRESS = error;
	break;
	}

	rb_define_const(error, "Errno", INT2NUM(n));
	st_add_direct(syserr_tbl, n, error);
	}
	else {
	rb_define_const(rb_mErrno, name, error);
	}
	return error;
	}

	static VALUE
	get_syserr(int n)
	{
	st_data_t error;

	if (!st_lookup(syserr_tbl, n, &error)) {
	char name[8]; /* some Windows' errno have 5 digits. */

	snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "E%03d", n);
	error = set_syserr(n, name);
	}
	return error;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* SystemCallError.new(msg, errno) -> system_call_error_subclass
	*
	* If _errno_ corresponds to a known system error code, constructs the
	* appropriate Errno class for that error, otherwise constructs a
	* generic SystemCallError object. The error number is subsequently
	* available via the #errno method.
	*/

	static VALUE
	syserr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
	{
	#if !defined(_WIN32)
	char *strerror();
	#endif
	const char *err;
	VALUE mesg, error, func, errmsg;
	VALUE klass = rb_obj_class(self);

	if (klass == rb_eSystemCallError) {
	st_data_t data = (st_data_t)klass;
	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &mesg, &error, &func);
	if (argc == 1 && FIXNUM_P(mesg)) {
	error = mesg; mesg = Qnil;
	}
	if (!NIL_P(error) && st_lookup(syserr_tbl, NUM2LONG(error), &data)) {
	klass = (VALUE)data;
	/* change class */
	if (!RB_TYPE_P(self, T_OBJECT)) { /* insurance to avoid type crash */
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid instance type");
	}
	RBASIC_SET_CLASS(self, klass);
	}
	}
	else {
	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &mesg, &func);
	error = rb_const_get(klass, id_Errno);
	}
	if (!NIL_P(error)) err = strerror(NUM2INT(error));
	else err = "unknown error";

	errmsg = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(err, rb_locale_encoding());
	if (!NIL_P(mesg)) {
	VALUE str = StringValue(mesg);

	if (!NIL_P(func)) rb_str_catf(errmsg, " @ %"PRIsVALUE, func);
	rb_str_catf(errmsg, " - %"PRIsVALUE, str);
	}
	mesg = errmsg;

	rb_call_super(1, &mesg);
	rb_ivar_set(self, id_errno, error);
	return self;
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* system_call_error.errno -> integer
	*
	* Return this SystemCallError's error number.
	*/

	static VALUE
	syserr_errno(VALUE self)
	{
	return rb_attr_get(self, id_errno);
	}

	/*
	* call-seq:
	* system_call_error === other -> true or false
	*
	* Return +true+ if the receiver is a generic +SystemCallError+, or
	* if the error numbers +self+ and _other_ are the same.
	*/

	static VALUE
	syserr_eqq(VALUE self, VALUE exc)
	{
	VALUE num, e;

	if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(exc, rb_eSystemCallError)) {
	if (!rb_respond_to(exc, id_errno)) return Qfalse;
	}
	else if (self == rb_eSystemCallError) return Qtrue;

	num = rb_attr_get(exc, id_errno);
	if (NIL_P(num)) {
	num = rb_funcallv(exc, id_errno, 0, 0);
	}
	e = rb_const_get(self, id_Errno);
	if (FIXNUM_P(num) ? num == e : rb_equal(num, e))
	return Qtrue;
	return Qfalse;
	}


	/*
	* Document-class: StandardError
	*
	* The most standard error types are subclasses of StandardError. A
	* rescue clause without an explicit Exception class will rescue all
	* StandardErrors (and only those).
	*
	* def foo
	* raise "Oups"
	* end
	* foo rescue "Hello" #=> "Hello"
	*
	* On the other hand:
	*
	* require 'does/not/exist' rescue "Hi"
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* LoadError: no such file to load -- does/not/exist
	*
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: SystemExit
	*
	* Raised by +exit+ to initiate the termination of the script.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: SignalException
	*
	* Raised when a signal is received.
	*
	* begin
	* Process.kill('HUP',Process.pid)
	* sleep # wait for receiver to handle signal sent by Process.kill
	* rescue SignalException => e
	* puts "received Exception #{e}"
	* end
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* received Exception SIGHUP
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: Interrupt
	*
	* Raised when the interrupt signal is received, typically because the
	* user has pressed Control-C (on most posix platforms). As such, it is a
	* subclass of +SignalException+.
	*
	* begin
	* puts "Press ctrl-C when you get bored"
	* loop {}
	* rescue Interrupt => e
	* puts "Note: You will typically use Signal.trap instead."
	* end
	*
	* <em>produces:</em>
	*
	* Press ctrl-C when you get bored
	*
	* <em>then waits until it is interrupted with Control-C and then prints:</em>
	*
	* Note: You will typically use Signal.trap instead.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: TypeError
	*
	* Raised when encountering an object that is not of the expected type.
	*
	* [1, 2, 3].first("two")
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* TypeError: no implicit conversion of String into Integer
	*
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: ArgumentError
	*
	* Raised when the arguments are wrong and there isn't a more specific
	* Exception class.
	*
	* Ex: passing the wrong number of arguments
	*
	* [1, 2, 3].first(4, 5)
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)
	*
	* Ex: passing an argument that is not acceptable:
	*
	* [1, 2, 3].first(-4)
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* ArgumentError: negative array size
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: IndexError
	*
	* Raised when the given index is invalid.
	*
	* a = [:foo, :bar]
	* a.fetch(0) #=> :foo
	* a[4] #=> nil
	* a.fetch(4) #=> IndexError: index 4 outside of array bounds: -2...2
	*
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: KeyError
	*
	* Raised when the specified key is not found. It is a subclass of
	* IndexError.
	*
	* h = {"foo" => :bar}
	* h.fetch("foo") #=> :bar
	* h.fetch("baz") #=> KeyError: key not found: "baz"
	*
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: RangeError
	*
	* Raised when a given numerical value is out of range.
	*
	* [1, 2, 3].drop(1 << 100)
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* RangeError: bignum too big to convert into `long'
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: ScriptError
	*
	* ScriptError is the superclass for errors raised when a script
	* can not be executed because of a +LoadError+,
	* +NotImplementedError+ or a +SyntaxError+. Note these type of
	* +ScriptErrors+ are not +StandardError+ and will not be
	* rescued unless it is specified explicitly (or its ancestor
	* +Exception+).
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: SyntaxError
	*
	* Raised when encountering Ruby code with an invalid syntax.
	*
	* eval("1+1=2")
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* SyntaxError: (eval):1: syntax error, unexpected '=', expecting $end
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: LoadError
	*
	* Raised when a file required (a Ruby script, extension library, ...)
	* fails to load.
	*
	* require 'this/file/does/not/exist'
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* LoadError: no such file to load -- this/file/does/not/exist
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: NotImplementedError
	*
	* Raised when a feature is not implemented on the current platform. For
	* example, methods depending on the +fsync+ or +fork+ system calls may
	* raise this exception if the underlying operating system or Ruby
	* runtime does not support them.
	*
	* Note that if +fork+ raises a +NotImplementedError+, then
	* <code>respond_to?(:fork)</code> returns +false+.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: NameError
	*
	* Raised when a given name is invalid or undefined.
	*
	* puts foo
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* NameError: undefined local variable or method `foo' for main:Object
	*
	* Since constant names must start with a capital:
	*
	* Integer.const_set :answer, 42
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* NameError: wrong constant name answer
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: NoMethodError
	*
	* Raised when a method is called on a receiver which doesn't have it
	* defined and also fails to respond with +method_missing+.
	*
	* "hello".to_ary
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* NoMethodError: undefined method `to_ary' for "hello":String
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: FrozenError
	*
	* Raised when there is an attempt to modify a frozen object.
	*
	* [1, 2, 3].freeze << 4
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* FrozenError: can't modify frozen Array
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: RuntimeError
	*
	* A generic error class raised when an invalid operation is attempted.
	* Kernel#raise will raise a RuntimeError if no Exception class is
	* specified.
	*
	* raise "ouch"
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* RuntimeError: ouch
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: SecurityError
	*
	* No longer used by internal code.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: NoMemoryError
	*
	* Raised when memory allocation fails.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: SystemCallError
	*
	* SystemCallError is the base class for all low-level
	* platform-dependent errors.
	*
	* The errors available on the current platform are subclasses of
	* SystemCallError and are defined in the Errno module.
	*
	* File.open("does/not/exist")
	*
	* <em>raises the exception:</em>
	*
	* Errno::ENOENT: No such file or directory - does/not/exist
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: EncodingError
	*
	* EncodingError is the base class for encoding errors.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: Encoding::CompatibilityError
	*
	* Raised by Encoding and String methods when the source encoding is
	* incompatible with the target encoding.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: fatal
	*
	* fatal is an Exception that is raised when Ruby has encountered a fatal
	* error and must exit.
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: NameError::message
	* :nodoc:
	*/

	/*
	* Document-class: Exception
	*
	* \Class Exception and its subclasses are used to communicate between
	* Kernel#raise and +rescue+ statements in <code>begin ... end</code> blocks.
	*
	* An Exception object carries information about an exception:
	* - Its type (the exception's class).
	* - An optional descriptive message.
	* - Optional backtrace information.
	*
	* Some built-in subclasses of Exception have additional methods: e.g., NameError#name.
	*
	* == Defaults
	*
	* Two Ruby statements have default exception classes:
	* - +raise+: defaults to RuntimeError.
	* - +rescue+: defaults to StandardError.
	*
	* == Global Variables
	*
	* When an exception has been raised but not yet handled (in +rescue+,
	* +ensure+, +at_exit+ and +END+ blocks), two global variables are set:
	* - <code>$!</code> contains the current exception.
	* - <code>$@</code> contains its backtrace.
	*
	* == Custom Exceptions
	*
	* To provide additional or alternate information,
	* a program may create custom exception classes
	* that derive from the built-in exception classes.
	*
	* A good practice is for a library to create a single "generic" exception class
	* (typically a subclass of StandardError or RuntimeError)
	* and have its other exception classes derive from that class.
	* This allows the user to rescue the generic exception, thus catching all exceptions
	* the library may raise even if future versions of the library add new
	* exception subclasses.
	*
	* For example:
	*
	* class MyLibrary
	* class Error < ::StandardError
	* end
	*
	* class WidgetError < Error
	* end
	*
	* class FrobError < Error
	* end
	*
	* end
	*
	* To handle both MyLibrary::WidgetError and MyLibrary::FrobError the library
	* user can rescue MyLibrary::Error.
	*
	* == Built-In Exception Classes
	*
	* The built-in subclasses of Exception are:
	*
	* * NoMemoryError
	* * ScriptError
	* * LoadError
	* * NotImplementedError
	* * SyntaxError
	* * SecurityError
	* * SignalException
	* * Interrupt
	* * StandardError
	* * ArgumentError
	* * UncaughtThrowError
	* * EncodingError
	* * FiberError
	* * IOError
	* * EOFError
	* * IndexError
	* * KeyError
	* * StopIteration
	* * ClosedQueueError
	* * LocalJumpError
	* * NameError
	* * NoMethodError
	* * RangeError
	* * FloatDomainError
	* * RegexpError
	* * RuntimeError
	* * FrozenError
	* * SystemCallError
	* * Errno::*
	* * ThreadError
	* * TypeError
	* * ZeroDivisionError
	* * SystemExit
	* * SystemStackError
	* * fatal
	*/

	static VALUE
	exception_alloc(VALUE klass)
	{
	return rb_class_allocate_instance(klass);
	}

	static VALUE
	exception_dumper(VALUE exc)
	{
	// TODO: Currently, the instance variables "bt" and "bt_locations"
	// refers to the same object (Array of String). But "bt_locations"
	// should have an Array of Thread::Backtrace::Locations.

	return exc;
	}

	static int
	ivar_copy_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t exc)
	{
	rb_ivar_set((VALUE) exc, (ID) key, (VALUE) val);
	return ST_CONTINUE;
	}

	static VALUE
	exception_loader(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
	{
	// The loader function of rb_marshal_define_compat seems to be called for two events:
	// one is for fixup (r_fixup_compat), the other is for TYPE_USERDEF.
	// In the former case, the first argument is an instance of Exception (because
	// we pass rb_eException to rb_marshal_define_compat). In the latter case, the first
	// argument is a class object (see TYPE_USERDEF case in r_object0).
	// We want to copy all instance variables (but "bt_locations") from obj to exc.
	// But we do not want to do so in the second case, so the following branch is for that.
	if (RB_TYPE_P(exc, T_CLASS)) return obj; // maybe called from Marshal's TYPE_USERDEF

	rb_ivar_foreach(obj, ivar_copy_i, exc);

	if (rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt) == rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt_locations)) {
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt_locations, Qnil);
	}

	return exc;
	}

	void
	Init_Exception(void)
	{
	rb_eException = rb_define_class("Exception", rb_cObject);
	rb_define_alloc_func(rb_eException, exception_alloc);
	rb_marshal_define_compat(rb_eException, rb_eException, exception_dumper, exception_loader);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_eException, "exception", rb_class_new_instance, -1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_eException, "to_tty?", exc_s_to_tty_p, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "exception", exc_exception, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "initialize", exc_initialize, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "==", exc_equal, 1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "to_s", exc_to_s, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "message", exc_message, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "full_message", exc_full_message, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "inspect", exc_inspect, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "backtrace", exc_backtrace, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "backtrace_locations", exc_backtrace_locations, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "set_backtrace", exc_set_backtrace, 1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eException, "cause", exc_cause, 0);

	rb_eSystemExit = rb_define_class("SystemExit", rb_eException);
	rb_define_method(rb_eSystemExit, "initialize", exit_initialize, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eSystemExit, "status", exit_status, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eSystemExit, "success?", exit_success_p, 0);

	rb_eFatal = rb_define_class("fatal", rb_eException);
	rb_eSignal = rb_define_class("SignalException", rb_eException);
	rb_eInterrupt = rb_define_class("Interrupt", rb_eSignal);

	rb_eStandardError = rb_define_class("StandardError", rb_eException);
	rb_eTypeError = rb_define_class("TypeError", rb_eStandardError);
	rb_eArgError = rb_define_class("ArgumentError", rb_eStandardError);
	rb_eIndexError = rb_define_class("IndexError", rb_eStandardError);
	rb_eKeyError = rb_define_class("KeyError", rb_eIndexError);
	rb_define_method(rb_eKeyError, "initialize", key_err_initialize, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eKeyError, "receiver", key_err_receiver, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eKeyError, "key", key_err_key, 0);
	rb_eRangeError = rb_define_class("RangeError", rb_eStandardError);

	rb_eScriptError = rb_define_class("ScriptError", rb_eException);
	rb_eSyntaxError = rb_define_class("SyntaxError", rb_eScriptError);
	rb_define_method(rb_eSyntaxError, "initialize", syntax_error_initialize, -1);

	rb_eLoadError = rb_define_class("LoadError", rb_eScriptError);
	/* the path failed to load */
	rb_attr(rb_eLoadError, rb_intern_const("path"), 1, 0, Qfalse);

	rb_eNotImpError = rb_define_class("NotImplementedError", rb_eScriptError);

	rb_eNameError = rb_define_class("NameError", rb_eStandardError);
	rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "initialize", name_err_initialize, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "name", name_err_name, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "receiver", name_err_receiver, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eNameError, "local_variables", name_err_local_variables, 0);
	rb_cNameErrorMesg = rb_define_class_under(rb_eNameError, "message", rb_cObject);
	rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "==", name_err_mesg_equal, 1);
	rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "to_str", name_err_mesg_to_str, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "_dump", name_err_mesg_dump, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cNameErrorMesg, "_load", name_err_mesg_load, 1);
	rb_eNoMethodError = rb_define_class("NoMethodError", rb_eNameError);
	rb_define_method(rb_eNoMethodError, "initialize", nometh_err_initialize, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eNoMethodError, "args", nometh_err_args, 0);
	rb_define_method(rb_eNoMethodError, "private_call?", nometh_err_private_call_p, 0);

	rb_eRuntimeError = rb_define_class("RuntimeError", rb_eStandardError);
	rb_eFrozenError = rb_define_class("FrozenError", rb_eRuntimeError);
	rb_define_method(rb_eFrozenError, "initialize", frozen_err_initialize, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eFrozenError, "receiver", frozen_err_receiver, 0);
	rb_eSecurityError = rb_define_class("SecurityError", rb_eException);
	rb_eNoMemError = rb_define_class("NoMemoryError", rb_eException);
	rb_eEncodingError = rb_define_class("EncodingError", rb_eStandardError);
	rb_eEncCompatError = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEncoding, "CompatibilityError", rb_eEncodingError);
	rb_eNoMatchingPatternError = rb_define_class("NoMatchingPatternError", rb_eStandardError);

	syserr_tbl = st_init_numtable();
	rb_eSystemCallError = rb_define_class("SystemCallError", rb_eStandardError);
	rb_define_method(rb_eSystemCallError, "initialize", syserr_initialize, -1);
	rb_define_method(rb_eSystemCallError, "errno", syserr_errno, 0);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_eSystemCallError, "===", syserr_eqq, 1);

	rb_mErrno = rb_define_module("Errno");

	rb_mWarning = rb_define_module("Warning");
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mWarning, "[]", rb_warning_s_aref, 1);
	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mWarning, "[]=", rb_warning_s_aset, 2);
	rb_define_method(rb_mWarning, "warn", rb_warning_s_warn, -1);
	rb_extend_object(rb_mWarning, rb_mWarning);

	/* :nodoc: */
	rb_cWarningBuffer = rb_define_class_under(rb_mWarning, "buffer", rb_cString);
	rb_define_method(rb_cWarningBuffer, "write", warning_write, -1);

	id_cause = rb_intern_const("cause");
	id_message = rb_intern_const("message");
	id_backtrace = rb_intern_const("backtrace");
	id_key = rb_intern_const("key");
	id_args = rb_intern_const("args");
	id_receiver = rb_intern_const("receiver");
	id_private_call_p = rb_intern_const("private_call?");
	id_local_variables = rb_intern_const("local_variables");
	id_Errno = rb_intern_const("Errno");
	id_errno = rb_intern_const("errno");
	id_i_path = rb_intern_const("@path");
	id_warn = rb_intern_const("warn");
	id_category = rb_intern_const("category");
	id_deprecated = rb_intern_const("deprecated");
	id_experimental = rb_intern_const("experimental");
	id_top = rb_intern_const("top");
	id_bottom = rb_intern_const("bottom");
	id_iseq = rb_make_internal_id();
	id_recv = rb_make_internal_id();

	sym_category = ID2SYM(id_category);

	warning_categories = rb_ident_hash_new();
	rb_gc_register_mark_object(warning_categories);
	rb_hash_aset(warning_categories, ID2SYM(id_deprecated), INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED));
	rb_hash_aset(warning_categories, ID2SYM(id_experimental), INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL));
	rb_obj_freeze(warning_categories);

	warning_category_t_map = rb_ident_hash_new();
	rb_gc_register_mark_object(warning_category_t_map);
	rb_hash_aset(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_NONE), Qnil);
	rb_hash_aset(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED), ID2SYM(id_deprecated));
	rb_hash_aset(warning_category_t_map, INT2NUM(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL), ID2SYM(id_experimental));
	rb_obj_freeze(warning_category_t_map);
	}

	void
	rb_enc_raise(rb_encoding enc, VALUE exc, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	va_list args;
	VALUE mesg;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	mesg = rb_enc_vsprintf(enc, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);

	rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(exc, mesg));
	}

	void
	rb_vraise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
	{
	rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(exc, rb_vsprintf(fmt, ap)));
	}

	void
	rb_raise(VALUE exc, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	va_list args;
	va_start(args, fmt);
	rb_vraise(exc, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	}

	NORETURN(static void raise_loaderror(VALUE path, VALUE mesg));

	static void
	raise_loaderror(VALUE path, VALUE mesg)
	{
	VALUE err = rb_exc_new3(rb_eLoadError, mesg);
	rb_ivar_set(err, id_i_path, path);
	rb_exc_raise(err);
	}

	void
	rb_loaderror(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	va_list args;
	VALUE mesg;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	mesg = rb_enc_vsprintf(rb_locale_encoding(), fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	raise_loaderror(Qnil, mesg);
	}

	void
	rb_loaderror_with_path(VALUE path, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	va_list args;
	VALUE mesg;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	mesg = rb_enc_vsprintf(rb_locale_encoding(), fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	raise_loaderror(path, mesg);
	}

	void
	rb_notimplement(void)
	{
	rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError,
	"%"PRIsVALUE"() function is unimplemented on this machine",
	rb_id2str(rb_frame_this_func()));
	}

	void
	rb_fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	va_list args;
	VALUE mesg;

	if (! ruby_thread_has_gvl_p()) {
	/* The thread has no GVL. Object allocation impossible (cant run GC),
	* thus no message can be printed out. */
	fprintf(stderr, "[FATAL] rb_fatal() outside of GVL\n");
	rb_print_backtrace();
	die();
	}

	va_start(args, fmt);
	mesg = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
	va_end(args);

	rb_exc_fatal(rb_exc_new3(rb_eFatal, mesg));
	}

	static VALUE
	make_errno_exc(const char *mesg)
	{
	int n = errno;

	errno = 0;
	if (n == 0) {
	rb_bug("rb_sys_fail(%s) - errno == 0", mesg ? mesg : "");
	}
	return rb_syserr_new(n, mesg);
	}

	static VALUE
	make_errno_exc_str(VALUE mesg)
	{
	int n = errno;

	errno = 0;
	if (!mesg) mesg = Qnil;
	if (n == 0) {
	const char *s = !NIL_P(mesg) ? RSTRING_PTR(mesg) : "";
	rb_bug("rb_sys_fail_str(%s) - errno == 0", s);
	}
	return rb_syserr_new_str(n, mesg);
	}

	VALUE
	rb_syserr_new(int n, const char *mesg)
	{
	VALUE arg;
	arg = mesg ? rb_str_new2(mesg) : Qnil;
	return rb_syserr_new_str(n, arg);
	}

	VALUE
	rb_syserr_new_str(int n, VALUE arg)
	{
	return rb_class_new_instance(1, &arg, get_syserr(n));
	}

	void
	rb_syserr_fail(int e, const char *mesg)
	{
	rb_exc_raise(rb_syserr_new(e, mesg));
	}

	void
	rb_syserr_fail_str(int e, VALUE mesg)
	{
	rb_exc_raise(rb_syserr_new_str(e, mesg));
	}

	void
	rb_sys_fail(const char *mesg)
	{
	rb_exc_raise(make_errno_exc(mesg));
	}

	void
	rb_sys_fail_str(VALUE mesg)
	{
	rb_exc_raise(make_errno_exc_str(mesg));
	}

	#ifdef RUBY_FUNCTION_NAME_STRING
	void
	rb_sys_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, VALUE path)
	{
	int n = errno;

	errno = 0;
	rb_syserr_fail_path_in(func_name, n, path);
	}

	void
	rb_syserr_fail_path_in(const char *func_name, int n, VALUE path)
	{
	rb_exc_raise(rb_syserr_new_path_in(func_name, n, path));
	}

	VALUE
	rb_syserr_new_path_in(const char *func_name, int n, VALUE path)
	{
	VALUE args[2];

	if (!path) path = Qnil;
	if (n == 0) {
	const char *s = !NIL_P(path) ? RSTRING_PTR(path) : "";
	if (!func_name) func_name = "(null)";
	rb_bug("rb_sys_fail_path_in(%s, %s) - errno == 0",
	func_name, s);
	}
	args[0] = path;
	args[1] = rb_str_new_cstr(func_name);
	return rb_class_new_instance(2, args, get_syserr(n));
	}
	#endif

	void
	rb_mod_sys_fail(VALUE mod, const char *mesg)
	{
	VALUE exc = make_errno_exc(mesg);
	rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	void
	rb_mod_sys_fail_str(VALUE mod, VALUE mesg)
	{
	VALUE exc = make_errno_exc_str(mesg);
	rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	void
	rb_mod_syserr_fail(VALUE mod, int e, const char *mesg)
	{
	VALUE exc = rb_syserr_new(e, mesg);
	rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	void
	rb_mod_syserr_fail_str(VALUE mod, int e, VALUE mesg)
	{
	VALUE exc = rb_syserr_new_str(e, mesg);
	rb_extend_object(exc, mod);
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	static void
	syserr_warning(VALUE mesg, int err)
	{
	rb_str_set_len(mesg, RSTRING_LEN(mesg)-1);
	rb_str_catf(mesg, ": %s\n", strerror(err));
	rb_write_warning_str(mesg);
	}

	#if 0
	void
	rb_sys_warn(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
	int errno_save = errno;
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
	}
	errno = errno_save;
	}
	}

	void
	rb_syserr_warn(int err, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, err);
	}
	}
	}

	void
	rb_sys_enc_warn(rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
	int errno_save = errno;
	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
	}
	errno = errno_save;
	}
	}

	void
	rb_syserr_enc_warn(int err, rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, err);
	}
	}
	}
	#endif

	void
	rb_sys_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
	int errno_save = errno;
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
	}
	errno = errno_save;
	}
	}

	#if 0
	void
	rb_syserr_warning(int err, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, err);
	}
	}
	}
	#endif

	void
	rb_sys_enc_warning(rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
	int errno_save = errno;
	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, errno_save);
	}
	errno = errno_save;
	}
	}

	void
	rb_syserr_enc_warning(int err, rb_encoding enc, const char fmt, ...)
	{
	if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
	with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) {
	syserr_warning(mesg, err);
	}
	}
	}

	void
	rb_load_fail(VALUE path, const char *err)
	{
	VALUE mesg = rb_str_buf_new_cstr(err);
	rb_str_cat2(mesg, " -- ");
	rb_str_append(mesg, path); /* should be ASCII compatible */
	raise_loaderror(path, mesg);
	}

	void
	rb_error_frozen(const char *what)
	{
	rb_raise(rb_eFrozenError, "can't modify frozen %s", what);
	}

	void
	rb_frozen_error_raise(VALUE frozen_obj, const char *fmt, ...)
	{
	va_list args;
	VALUE exc, mesg;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	mesg = rb_vsprintf(fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
	exc = rb_exc_new3(rb_eFrozenError, mesg);
	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, frozen_obj);
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	static VALUE
	inspect_frozen_obj(VALUE obj, VALUE mesg, int recur)
	{
	if (recur) {
	rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, " ...");
	}
	else {
	rb_str_append(mesg, rb_inspect(obj));
	}
	return mesg;
	}

	void
	rb_error_frozen_object(VALUE frozen_obj)
	{
	VALUE debug_info;
	const ID created_info = id_debug_created_info;
	VALUE mesg = rb_sprintf("can't modify frozen %"PRIsVALUE": ",
	CLASS_OF(frozen_obj));
	VALUE exc = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eFrozenError, mesg);

	rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, frozen_obj);
	rb_exec_recursive(inspect_frozen_obj, frozen_obj, mesg);

	if (!NIL_P(debug_info = rb_attr_get(frozen_obj, created_info))) {
	VALUE path = rb_ary_entry(debug_info, 0);
	VALUE line = rb_ary_entry(debug_info, 1);

	rb_str_catf(mesg, ", created at %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE, path, line);
	}
	rb_exc_raise(exc);
	}

	#undef rb_check_frozen
	void
	rb_check_frozen(VALUE obj)
	{
	rb_check_frozen_internal(obj);
	}

	void
	rb_error_untrusted(VALUE obj)
	{
	rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("rb_error_untrusted", "3.2");
	}

	#undef rb_check_trusted
	void
	rb_check_trusted(VALUE obj)
	{
	rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("rb_check_trusted", "3.2");
	}

	void
	rb_check_copyable(VALUE obj, VALUE orig)
	{
	if (!FL_ABLE(obj)) return;
	rb_check_frozen_internal(obj);
	if (!FL_ABLE(orig)) return;
	}

	void
	Init_syserr(void)
	{
	rb_eNOERROR = set_syserr(0, "NOERROR");
	#define defined_error(name, num) set_syserr((num), (name));
	#define undefined_error(name) set_syserr(0, (name));
	#include "known_errors.inc"
	#undef defined_error
	#undef undefined_error
	}

	#include "warning.rbinc"

	/*!
	* \}
	*/

ruby / ruby

ruby/error.c