Name already in use

* Replace bandit, flake8, isort, and pyupgrade with ruff

* Comment on ruff rules

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: Dhruv Manilawala <dhruvmanila@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.254 → v0.0.255](charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit@v0.0.254...v0.0.255)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.0.1 → v1.1.1](pre-commit/mirrors-mypy@v1.0.1...v1.1.1)
- [github.com/codespell-project/codespell: v2.2.2 → v2.2.4](codespell-project/codespell@v2.2.2...v2.2.4)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Fixes for new version of codespell

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Lower the --max-complexity threshold in the file .flake8

* add circular convolution

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* add type hint for __init__

* rounding off final values to 2 and minor changes

* add test case for unequal signals

* changes in list comprehension and enumeraton

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.0.253 → v0.0.254](charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit@v0.0.253...v0.0.254)

* Rename get_top_billionaires.py to get_top_billionaires.py.disabled

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

Update DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Increase the --max-complexity threshold in the file .flake8

Update DIRECTORY.md
---------

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* Make some ruff fixes

* Undo manual fix

* Undo manual fix

* Updates from ruff=0.0.251

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 0.9.1 → 0.9.2](tox-dev/pyproject-fmt@0.9.1...0.9.2)

* pre-commit: Add ruff

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 0.8.0 → 0.9.1](tox-dev/pyproject-fmt@0.8.0...0.9.1)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v1.0.0 → v1.0.1](pre-commit/mirrors-mypy@v1.0.0...v1.0.1)

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

updates:
- [github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt: 0.6.0 → 0.8.0](tox-dev/pyproject-fmt@0.6.0...0.8.0)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v0.991 → v1.0.0](pre-commit/mirrors-mypy@v0.991...v1.0.0)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* pre-commit: Upgrade psf/black for stable style 2023

Updating https://github.com/psf/black ... updating 22.12.0 -> 23.1.0 for their `2023 stable style`.
* https://github.com/psf/black/blob/main/CHANGES.md#2310

> This is the first [psf/black] release of 2023, and following our stability policy, it comes with a number of improvements to our stable style…

Also, add https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt and https://github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject to pre-commit.

I only modified `.pre-commit-config.yaml` and all other files were modified by pre-commit.ci and psf/black.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/PyCQA/isort: 5.11.4 → 5.12.0](PyCQA/isort@5.11.4...5.12.0)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Fix mypy errors in lorentz_transformation_four_vector.py

* Remove unused symbol vars

* Add function documentation and rewrite algorithm explanation

Previous explanation was misleading, as the code only calculates Lorentz
transformations for movement in the x direction (0 velocity in the y and
z directions) and not movement in any direction

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update error message for speed

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* feat: Concatenate both factorial implementations

* fix: Rename factorial recursive method

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* add maths/Gcd of N Numbers

* more pythonic

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* more pythonic

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* merged

* merged

* more readable

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* feat: Add `fib_recursive_cached` func

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* doc: Show difference in time when caching algorithm

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update sierpinski_triangle.py header doc

* Remove unused PROGNAME var in sierpinski_triangle.py

The PROGNAME var was used to print an image description in the reference
code that this implementation was taken from, but it's entirely unused
here

* Refactor triangle() function to not use list of vertices

Since the number of vertices is always fixed at 3, there's no need to
pass in the vertices as a list, and it's clearer to give the vertices
distinct names rather than index them from the list

* Refactor sierpinski_triangle.py to use tuples

Tuples make more sense than lists for storing coordinate pairs

* Flip if-statement condition in sierpinski_triangle.py to avoid nesting

* Add type hints to sierpinski_triangle.py

* Add doctests to sierpinski_triangle.py

* Fix return types in doctests

* Update fractals/sierpinski_triangle.py

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Format local_weighted_learning.py doctests for clarity

* Refactor local_weighted_learning.py to use np.array instead of np.mat

The np.matrix class is planned to be eventually depreciated in favor of
np.array, and current use of the class raises warnings in pytest

* Update local_weighted_learning.py documentation

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

* add word_break dynamic approach up -> down.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Update word_break.py

fix review notes.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Update word_break.py

fix review notes

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* fix review notes

* add trie type

* Update word_break.py

add typing Any to trie.

* Update dynamic_programming/word_break.py

Co-authored-by: Caeden Perelli-Harris <caedenperelliharris@gmail.com>

* Update dynamic_programming/word_break.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update dynamic_programming/word_break.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update dynamic_programming/word_break.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Update dynamic_programming/word_break.py

Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* fix review notes

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Caeden Perelli-Harris <caedenperelliharris@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Refactor bottom-up function to be class method

* Add type hints

* Update convolve function namespace

* Remove depreciated np.float

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Renamed function for consistency

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Remove extra imports in gamma.py doctests

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Chris O <46587501+ChrisO345@users.noreply.github.com>

* - add "lz77_compressor" class with compress and decompress methods using LZ77 compression algorithm

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* - use "list" instead "List", formatting

* - fix spelling

* - add Python type hints

* - add 'Token' class to represent triplet (offset, length, indicator)

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* - add test, hange type rom List to list

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* - remove extra import

* - remove extra types in comments

* - better test

* - edit comments

* - add return types

* - add tests for __str__ and __repr__

* Update lz77.py

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/PyCQA/isort: v5.11.3 → 5.11.4](PyCQA/isort@v5.11.3...5.11.4)

* Update .flake8

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>

* Reduce the complexity of sorts/merge_insertion_sort.py

* Add tests

* Lower the --max-complexity threshold in the file .flake8

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/MarcoGorelli/auto-walrus: v0.2.1 → v0.2.2](MarcoGorelli/auto-walrus@v0.2.1...v0.2.2)
- [github.com/PyCQA/isort: 5.10.1 → v5.11.3](PyCQA/isort@5.10.1...v5.11.3)

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>